English Vocabulary in Use Chapter 21/58

Chapter 21 Rewarding Gives you a lot of irrefutable experiences Fruitful Produces good results Lucrative guides a lot of m unmatchedy redress prep ares you healthy in body and/or mind Relaxing/calming Reduces stress, make wets a peaceful niping Time-con unificationing Takes a long magazine to do Culture vulture Big fan of anything cultural Couch potato Physic al maviny very inactive personDabbler Person who never keeps doing one bodily function for long Doer Person who believes in acting and doing things, non solely radical Shopaholic Person disposed to shopping compare alcoholic addicted to alcohol Is into Informal undertakes a great engage in/is very involved in Went take away Informal gimmickped liking/lost raise Locks herself a course Isolates herself from the world Hooked on Informal is addicted to shrink up to Informal do Full diary A lot of commitments/activi makesChapter 22 Scruff Dirty and untidy person Pastel In pale colours Power outfits schematic vestments to make you seem powerful frumpy Old-fashioned and boring Outfit Set of clothes for a detail occasion Dress codes Accepted way of dressing in a p artistic productionicular social group Dress d hold brook less formal clothes Smart-casual Clothes that are informal, nevertheless clean, tidy and stylish Dressy satisfactory for formal occasions Skimpy Close-fitting, using lilliputian material Baggy Loose eg. Of sweaterSnazzy Modern, stylish To be dressed to kill Wear clothes to attract flocks sexual attention Designer (label) clothes Expensive clothes Off the peg/rack Cheap clothes On the high street Cheap clothes Off the cuff Without having prepared anything To be hand in glove with person To conduct a close working relationship with somebody Cloak-and-dagger Involving secrecy and mystery To need/take the shirt of someones blanket Someones last possession On a shoestring Spending as little as thinkableWithout frills Simple and plain To put someone in a straitjacke t Restrict someones freedom To wear the trousers To be the dominant partner in a marriage Chapter 23 blackguardshit An empty building where mountain start living without owners permission Hovel Very poor, dirty house or flat in questioning condition Pied a terre mild flat/house in a city owned/rented by muckle in accession to their main house and use when visiting the city Penthouse Luxury flat at the top of a buildingCouncil housing Provided by state for people who screwingnot afford own foundation High-rise flats Flats in tall modern building with a lot of floors Granny flat Set of rooms for an olden person, connected to relatives house The rat race Unpleasant way in which people struggle competitively for wealth and power Fengshui A Chinese doctrine position of buildings and arrangements of objects in their home affect health and well-being people. Minimalism A style involving using the smallest possible range of materials, colours etc. moreoer the most simple sh apes/designs Post-modernism A style of architecture.The arts etc. popular 1980s 1990s New age A way of invigoration and thinking developed late 1980s, includes wide range of beliefs and activities not accepted by most people Subsistence farming Where people be by growing just plentiful food for their own family A household word/name Something everyone knows A drink on the house A free drink lieu truths Information that is adjust but not pleasant or welcome nothing to save home approximately Nothing special Hit home Become fully understood or fully felt Thats the story of my biography Thats what always happens to me rush the time of your life accept a wonderful timeGet a youthful lease of life Become more ener shakeic and active than before A dogs life A very un blessed and baffling life Chapter 24 Socialising Spending leisure time with some other people A housewarming ( troupe) companionship to celebrate moving into a new house or flat A launch ( troupe) Party to c elebrate the worldation of track record/new product A fancy dress party Party where everyone dresses up in costume as other people A stag party Party before the wedding for husbands and male friends A girls night out/a hen party An evening for just female friends. Hen party for a wedding. A reception nut partyWedding party Main group of close family and friends at a wedding Black tie/white tie Formal party with black bow ties or white bow ties Networking fashioning contacts that will be useful business/ flight Old civilise tie/old boy network Contacts made by the children of the upper class while at expensive common soldier school Pro-active Taking action yourself rather than waiting for something to happen Put themselves more or less Informal make themselves visible in the hope of being noticed by someone serious Climb the career ladder Getting higher up in your career To hobnob/hobnobbing Negative association, to be friendly with someone who is important or famous To rub shoulders with Informal mix socially with people who are famous Hangs out with/knock around with Spends social time with A bash/do/get-together/booze up A party, booze up = colloquial lots of alcohol Outstaying my welcome To host = staying to long Party animal Someone who loves spill to parties Party pooper Someone who spoils parties by being disapproving/miserable Clubbing Going to one or more nightclubs On the town Enjoy the entertainment in a town Chummy/pally FriendlyCliquey Negative word for small group of people who make pass time together and do not al funky others to join them An item Having a romantic relationship Stood me up Failed to turn up on a date Drop him End our relationship Gone on a pub crawl Gone to spend an evening going to several diametrical pubs Chapter 25 Overrated Not as good as people pronounce Hackneyed Done so ofttimes it is boring Impenetrable Complex and inconceivable to extrapolate Disjointed Unconnected and not clear in effectuate Far-fetche d Impossible to believe Risque Slightly immoral and likely to shock people Gripping Exciting and keeping your attention the complete time Harrowing Extremely upsetting Moving make you feel unvoiced emotion, especially poignancy or sadness Memorable You remember it long laterUnderstated Done or expressed in a simple but mesmerizing style Panned Very negatively criticised Lauded Highly praised Bombed Was a failure Awards Prized/honours Up-and-coming Likely to become very famous or successful masterpiece Very great work of art Was miscast Was the wrong actor for the role Encores Calls from the audience to repeat it Standing ovation The audience stood up and applauded commentary Way of understanding and performing it Version One of several performances that exist Rendition Performance on a specific occasion Portrayal The encounter she created Chapter 26 Pulling the wool over eyes DeceivingPhilistinism Inability to appreciate art or culture Detractors Critics Wised up Become mor e cultivate Dumbed down Become less intellectual Tate modern New modern art gallery in London Renaissance Period of new interest in the arts, Europe 14th/16th century Fad A short enthusiasm for something Vote with their feet Stop coming Impressionism Types of artist and schools of the last cl years Cubist Types of artist and schools of the last 150 years Surrealists/surrealism Types of arts and schools of the last 150 years Deemed Considered (formal) Visually literate Educated with regard to art Immune to/inured to Not affected by Opposites in the brackets Highbrow (lowbrow) Intended for educated, intelligent people = disapproving Impenetrable (transparent) Extremely difficult to understand Sophisticated (primitive) Showing advanced skills and understanding Challenging (undemanding) Demanding considerable effort to be understood Dazzling (pedestrian) Inspiring great admiration because it is brilliant in some way Evocative (uninspiring) Calling up images and memories Exquisite (clum sy) Having rare beauty or delicacy Intriguing (dreary) Interesting because it is strange or shadowy Peerless (run-of-the-mill) Better than any other Tongue-in-cheek (earnest) Not intended to be taken seriously despite appearing serious Chapter 27 lurb piteous text on the back of a book describing what the book is rough Poignant chronicle A moving and sad description of a chronological sequence of events Compelling tale Powerful story that keeps you interested Lugubrious setting instead dark and gloomy setting/situation Page-turner Very interesting and harming story Enigmatic tale Mysterious story Macabre Often cruel or disgusting, concerned with dead Chilling Causing great caution Breath taking achievement Amazing achievement Wry humour Humour in the face of a bad situation Evocative scenes Scenes which kick upstairs memories or images Journal 1. A written record of what youve done each day 2. An academic publication containing articles, reporting research, new theories etc . ublished at rhythmical intervals Memoirs Written record of persons own life, typically by politician or military figure Anthology Collection of, for example, poems or short stories from diametric authors Compendium Collection of detailed, concise education just about a particular subject Manuel Usually a technical book with instructions Logbook Book that records events and measure etc. ship, flat etc. Compulsive reading Formal difficult to stop once youve started Cant put down Informal difficult to stop once youve started Lightweight Not complex, slightly negative connotation Bedtime reading Nice to read in bed Heavy going grueling to read Get into Become involved/engaged with Chapter 28 Synthetic Made from artificial substances Wholesome Good for you, physically or morallywheaten Containing all the inwrought substances in the grain with nothing removed Fair Trade Refers to products such as coffee, tea, chocolate marketed in such a way that the small farmers in developin g countries who pretend them get the profits rather than large multinational companies Free-range Relating to farm animals that are not kept in cages GM Genetically modified, i. e. the genes of a natural product hear been altered in some way Loopholes Ways of getting round regulations Derivatives Things produced from Recipe for stain sure to lead to All the ingredients of All the necessary distinctives Dilute Make less dominant Stew Worry or suffer especially about something you think is his fault Grilled Asked a lot of questions Half-baked Unrealistic or not thought through properly Spice up Make more lively Unsavoury Unpleasant, morally offensive Turned sour Went wrongJuicy Exciting and interesting Chapter 29 Split the bill from each one person will fall in for him/herself Is on me Informal I am containing for you Join us Come with us Be our guest Formal we will pay Get this Informal pay the bill this time Wined and dined Invited out to restaurants Impeccable Perfect, c ant be faulted Sluggish Rather black Courteous Polite Sullen Bad-tempered/unwilling to smile Overbearing Too confident/too inclined to tell people what to do brusk Quick and rude Off-putting Makes you feel you dont want to go there again Go out of their way Do everything possible perk up a sweet tooth Love sweet thingsCount the calories/calorie conscious Be careful how many calories I eat Savoury engaging in flavour or with herbs Fussy eater Person who has very particular demands when eating Teetotal Never drink alcohol Dietary requirements Formal special needs/things someone cant eat Overdo it Eat or drink too more than Take pot peck Eat what were eating, nothing special Bring a bottle Usually means a bottle of wine Dinner party Rather formal dinner with guests Informal get-together Informal group of people meeting for a meal/drinks etc. Seconds A second helping/serving of a dish Say when Tell me when I have served enough When Thats enough, thanksNibbles Thinks like nuts, c risps etc. before a meal Grab a bite to eat Have a quick meal Take away Ready-cooked meal bought to take home Chapter 30 Give way/give way sing Geef voorrang/voorrangsbord Has the right of way Is allowed to go before other traffic Sounding/hooting/tooting your horn Claxoneren Jumping at red light Not stopping at Reckless driving Very dangerous driving, without any care for others Drink-driving Driving when youve drank too much alcohol Breathalyser Instrument you happen into to measure alcohol level Hit-and-run Running over/into someone and not stopping Ban Removal of ones driving authorizePenalty points Negative pints on your licence which are added up over time On-the-spot-fines Given at the scene of the offence Exhaust emissions Waste gases produced by the vehicle Road worthy In a condition that it can be driven safely Tyre tread The depth of the grooves in the tire rubber Tailback Line of slow or stopped traffic Pile-up Crash between several or many cars Diverted Directed awa y from our road Tow away zone Area where your car may be taken away if you park viciously Clamped Fitted with a metal device on the wheel to prevent it from moving Road rage Anger or violence between drivers because of difficult driving conditions Skidded Lost control of the steering hostile collision Two vehicles hitting each other directly in the front Air-bags Bags in your car that blow up when you crash Chapter 31 schedule flight Normal regular flights Charter flight Special flight taking a group of people ordinarily to the equivalent holiday finis Apex arrives normally have to be booked a fixed no. of days in advance Value for bills/budget Fare usually cheaper Restrictions e. g. you can only travel on certain days Non-refundable You cant get you bills back Cancellation fee Money you pay when you cancel Stopover You may stay somewhere overnight before continuing to you destination All-in packages Normally include accommodation and transfers Transfers e. g. us or trail to and from you hotel Crossing Sea travel on a ferry Go on a cruise Holiday on the sea The holiday of a lifetime One you will always remember Berth/shared cabin A bed in a cabin with other people Deluxe cabin Bigger and more comfortable Upper deck The higher part of the ship Exotic Unusual or exciting Get away from it all Escape you daily life and routines Getting around Informal travelling to unalike places Un puted mileage You can travel as many miles as you like for the same price Extras e. g. accident insurance Go as you please Go where you want when you want Self-catering Where you do your own cookingChalet Small cottage or cabin specially built for holiday makers Guest houses Private homes allegeing high standard accommodation Inns convertible to pubs, but also offering accommodation, usually beautiful old buildings B and B Bed-and-breakfast Half board Usually breakfast and one other meal Full board All meals Chapter 32 Escape the crowd Go where there are not many people Wander of the beat out track Go to places tourists dont normally go Get back to nature Live a natural rural style of life A promising choice A choice which could be a very good one Boasts This use of boast is for listing the good qualities of a place (formal) Hordes Crowds, in a negative sense Tourism sector Tourist industry (formal)Seeking something out of the commonplace Common collocation spirit for something contrastive/unusual Wealth of elephantine amount of (formal) Virgin Original and natural Flora and fauna Plants and animals (Latin) fixed phrase Ecotourism Holidays that respect the environment loosen Relax, reduce your general level of stress Recharge Get back you energy The bush A term for the wild, tree- or grass- covered areas in Africa or Australia 44 Four by four vehicles with driving power at all 4 wheels Waterfront On the edge of the sea or of a river Discerning Who knows what he/she wants in terms of good quality Stunning Extremely beautifulUnbeatable No oth er company can offer cheaper ones for the same service Awe-inspiring If fills you with a sense of power and beauty of what youre looking at Rambled, hikes, treks These words represent a scale of length and difficulty Ramble Long pleasant walk, not too demanding Hike More demanding, suggesting more difficult terrain Trek Usually of several days over wild ground Unrivalled No other holiday programme can match this Savour A word typically used in advertisements meaning enjoy heart and soul agriculture The inland areas furthest from the sea or from borders with other countries Chapter 33 Prone to Tending to have a particular negative characteristic A unblock Dry Drought Period without rain Tundra Area in north with no trees and permanently frozen ground Vegetation Plant lifeConiferous Trees that are evergreen (green all year round) and produce cones, unlike deciduous trees, which lose their leaves in winter Prairies Flat grasslands in Canada and Northern ground forces Paddy fields Fields planted with rice growing in body of water Cereals Type of grass cultivated to produce a grain i. e. a food plant like rice, wheat or maize Tend Take care of animals Manufacturing Producing goods in large numbers Forefront In an important position Generates Produces Are descended from Are related to Ancestors Relatives from earlier times we are our ancestors descendants Migrants the great unwashed who move to live in another country emigre Someone who leaves a countryImmigrant Someone who moves to live in a country Settled Made their homes Chapter 34 Formal Informal Chilly freezing/nippy Hot Boiling/sweltering/roasting Windy Blowy/breezy Oppressive/sultry Stifling/heavy/close Downpour/ alluvion Chucking it down/ its pouring Humid Muggy/clammy Climate metaphors Climate of distrust Climate of change Cultural/current/economic / pecuniary /moral/ political / social/ prevailing climate Sunny disposition frosty reception Job prospects are sunny Snowed under with work She ve rbalise icily Snowed under with work Under a cloud of suspicion Cloud you judgement Hail of bullets Hail/storm of abuse In a hazeHazy idea In the mists of Misty-eyed Whirlwind of speculation Whirlwind romance Thunderous applause The horses thundered down the race track Winds of change/discontent/ democracy Chapter 35 Cement Make building/relationships stronger Brick wall Metaphorically a barrier Ceiling Can be used to suggest a limit to something Glass ceiling Phrase used to refer to invisible barrier that stops people, especially woman, from rising to top positions at work Roof As metaphor the roof fell on my world, the day he died. Go through the roof Colloquial phrase 1. If prices go through the roof, they increase in a rapid, uncontrolled fashion. 2.Person goes through the roof, commonly used to mean lose ones temper hit the roof Tower Conveys an idea of distance from ordinary people Ivory tower Someone living in it = he or she does not know about the unpleasant and ordinary t hings that happen in life Tower of strength About a person = extremely strong (emotional) Towers above Outstanding in some substantiating way Gateway to Metaphorical provide access Door Like gateway to and other metaphorical phrases * closed shut a lot of doorsills * opens door * close the door on our past.. Doing something through/by the back door Suggest doing it un authorisedly Key Metaphorical phrases * provide/hold the secernate to * the key to success * key figures Chapter 36 Seed(s) Often used to talk about the start of an idea or feeling * the seeds of success * the seeds of discontent * the seeds of revolution Root(s) Is used to suggest the origins of something * the commencement of a problem * the roots of a tradition * deeply/firmly rooted collocation going back to your roots going back to the place where your family come from putting down roots settling down and making your home in one place take root Idea becomes known or accepted Grass roots Is the ordinary peopl e of an organisation, not the leaders Stem utilise as verb to signify that something originates in something else A branch Something that grows off or branches out from main organisation * branches of a shop * business branching out in new directions bud Flower before it opens. Nipped in the bud Stopped before it develops into something Budding (adjective) Showing promise of future development Weed out Get rid off Prune back Cut/limit Is reaping the reward of Is getting results from Have dug up Have discovered Was germinating Was beginning to develop Have been sprouting Have been appearing quickly in large numbers Is flourishing Is doing very well Sheds Loses Shed employees / traditions /worries / inhibitions / weight Lose.. fading (metaphorically) proper smaller Shrivelling (metaphorically) becoming less Wilt (metaphorically) lose energy Glance/look/remark can wither or be withering Make the recipient feel scorned Chapter 37 Mammal Animal that gives birth to live babies, not egg s, and feeds them on its own milk Rodent e. g. mouse, rat reptilian e. g. snake, lizard Carnivore Animal that eats meat Herbivore Animal that eats grass/vegetation Predator Animal that hunts/eats other animals Docile Behaves very light Tame Not afraid of humans Domesticated Lives with ore is used by humans Wild Opposite of domesticated Savage Extremely violent or wild Fierce Behaves aggressively Natural habitat Preferred natural place for living and breeding Game reserves/game parks Areas of land where animals are cling toed from hunting, etc. Bird sanctuary Protected area where birds can live and breed Animal shelter Place where cats, dogs, horses, etc. hich have no home are given food and a place to live Blood sports Sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals The fur switch over The hunting and selling of animal furs for coats, jackets, etc. Poachers People who hunt animals illegally The ivory trade The buying and selling of ivory from elephants tusks Animal rights a ctivists People who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals Chapter 38 Shrinking habitats Places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size Endangered species Types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing Global warming Steady rise in average world temperatures Climatic changes Changes in the weather/climate carbon dioxide emissions Carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc. Fossil fuels Coal, oil, etc. Greenhouse effect Warming of the Earths surface caused by pollution Exerts severe pressure on Formal puts pressure on Finite resources Limited resources Ecological balance Balance of natural relationships in the environment Deforestation Destruction/clearing of forests demographic projections Forecasts about the population The worst case scenarios The worst possibilities for the future Pristine environments Perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas Green credentials Reputation for positive support of the environment Prophets of doom and gloom People who always make the most of depressing or pessimistic forecasts for the future Sustainable development organic evolution of industry, etc. hich does not threaten the environment or social and economic stability Piecemeal conservation Carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan Chapter 39 Prompt Quick, without delay Query Question or enquiry about service Responsive to complaints They listen, take them seriously and act Accommodating Willing to understand and help Got back to me Called me with an answer to my query Impeccable 100% perfect Obliging Willing and happy to do things for you Incompetent Failing through insufficient skill, cognition or training Impersonal Lacking a personal element Shoddy sorry quality (of service or of goods)Substandard Below the standard expected ( often used about actions) Uncooperative Not supportive, unwilling to work together modesty Number which are waiting to be dealt with Sense of urgency Feeling that your request is important or urgent Helpline Telephone number where you can get help if you have problems Put you on hold Make you wait Under guarantee/warranty Having a written promise by a company to repair or replace a faulty product Secure site Web address where no outside person can read your details Privacy policy/safe transactions Business exchanges which protect, e. g. your credit card from use by someone else FAQ Frequently asked questionsBrowse control at the list of goods/services offered before buying Immediate dispatch Goods will be sent at once Nationwide Covering the whole country Chapter 40 Landing card Form with your personal details and date of arrival Customs declaration form Form showing how much money and what goods you are carrying Vaccination certificate Paper proving you have had the necessary health injections Entry restrictions Rules about who can enter a country and for how long Spot checks/random checks Checks done without warning Sniffer dogs Spec ially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs Clear customs Take your bags through customsPort of admittance The port or airport where you first enter a country Political asylum Permission to stay in another country to eliminate political persecution back home Economic migrants People who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work Offences Offence is a formal word for an illegal action Fixed penalty Fixed sum payable for a particular offence On-the-spot fine Fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence Parking tickets Papers places on drivers windscreens fining them for illegal parking Breathalyser An instrument which you blow into that whose if you have consumed alcohol recently Make a statement Say what happened and sign a copy of it Stop-and-search Power to stop people and search them in the street supervision cameras Cameras that record everything that happens Search warrant Official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house Sec urity forces Often a name for the forces and police together enforcing the law Plain clothes/undercover police police force who do not wear uniform Paramilitary police Police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers Drug police squad Policy specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade Anti-corruption squad Police specially trained to discover and fight bribery/corruption Chapter 41 Adherent (of) A person who supports a particular idea or party Convert (to) Someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs Fanatic (disapproving) someone with a very strong belief positive Someone who believes there should be extreme political change, either of a left- or right-wing nature Reactionary (disapproving) someone who opposed to change or new ideas Bigot (disapproving) someone with strong unreasonable beliefs who thinks that anyone with other beliefs is wrong Feminism Movement that seeks equal political and social right for women Assumption Unquestioning acce3ptance that something is true Derives from Has its origins in Eradicate Abolish or get rid of Postulates Basic principles Consciousness Awareness Usher in Introduce Credible Believable credulous Too willing to believe what youre toldIncredulous Not wanting or able to believe something Credence (formal) acceptance that something is true Gullible considerably tricked into believing things that may not be true Ingenuous Trusting, sincere, often in a way that seems foolish (im)plausible (un)convincing Ascribe/attribute (formal) you consider something to be caused, created or possessed by that person or thing A tenet One of the principles on which a belief is based Give someone the benefit of the doubt To accept that someone is telling the truth even if you thought it is not certain Take something with a pinch of alt You do not totally believe what you are told I dont buy thatA likely storyWhat dyou take me for? I wasnt innate(p) yesterday Pull the other one Ill believe it when I see it (informal ) I dont believe it (yet) Chapter 42 Superstitious Have illogical beliefs about hidden forces in nature Centenary/bi-centenary 100th anniversary/ 200th anniversary Penance Actions to show you are sorry for bad deeds Fasting Not eating for a long period Flamboyant Extremely colourful and exaggerated Raucous Very noisy drab Serious, heavy and sad Atmospheric Had a special feeling or atmosphere Commemorates Formal respects and remembers officially Chapter 43 Syntax The grammar and word orderModality Meanings such as possibility and necessity Modal verbs Like must, could and should Phonology The sound system Phonemes Different sounds that distinguish meanings Diphthongs Sounds made by feature vowels, such as ? and ei Lexicon technical term for vocabulary Compounds Words formed by combining words Graeco-Latin Originally from Greek and Latin Anglo-Saxon voice communication of England from 500-100 AD Orthography Technical term for writing systems Characters Letters or symbols Pictogr ams Characters representing pictures Ideograms Characters representing ideas/concepts Morphology How words are formed Morphemes Units of meaningInflected Words have endings to show tense, person, person, etc. Isolating Each words had only one morpheme Chapter 44 Feudal Relating to a social system strictly organised match to rank typical of e. g. Europe in the midway Ages Medieval Of or from the middle ages i. e. 1000-1500 AD Renaissance Period of new growth of interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries Victorian Relating to the period 1837-1901 when Victoria was Queen of Britain associated with values of self-control, hard work, loyalty, strong religious beliefs Infantry Soldiers on foot Cavalry Soldiers on horseback Legion Roman army suit of) armour Metal protective article of clothing worn by soldiers Chariot Two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient times for racing and war Galleon wide-ranging sailing ship with ca rdinal or four masts used in trade and war in the 15th to 18th centuries Stagecoach Covered vehicle pulled by horses that carries passengers and goods on regular routes Cart Open vehicle with two or four wheels and pulled by an animal Serf Person working on the land who legally belongs to his master Jester Person who entertained people in the Middle Ages with jokes Minstrel Person who entertained people in the Middle Ages with music and poetry Highwayman Man on horseback who robbed travellers on roads Chapter 45 Absolute poverty Is defenced according to an absolute minimum standard, often called poverty line Relative poverty Means that you are poor in relation to those around you Income poverty Means that you are poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country Human poverty Takes into account other factors, such as life expectancy, infant malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of food or clean water Malnutrition Ill health caused by inadequate food Illiterac y Inability to read or write Sanitation Systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene GDP Gross Domestic Product the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in one year, excluding income received from abroad GNP Gross National Product is GDP plus money earned from abroad by companies based in that country Poverty alleviation Reducing the level of poverty Debt servicing Paying back money owed on loans Penury The state of being extremely poor The breadline Having the level of income of an extremely poor person Impoverished Poor, without much money to live onDestitute Without money, food, home or possessions Deprived Not having the things necessary for a pleasant life- food, home, money Living from hand to mouth Having just enough money to live without suffering Money has been tight There has not been much money Chapter 46 Legislation Law making Constituents People who select on MP Lobbies Interest groups who try to influence MPs C orporations Large companies Institute of Directors Organisation of top business people Ministers MPs with top responsibilities, e. g. for health, instruction Civil servants People employed in government departments (the Civil Service) Lobbyists People who lobbyChancellor of the Exchequer Finance minister (in the UK) Annual budget periodical financial plan (of tax rates, etc. ) Petitions Formal requests often signed by lots of people task concessions Reductions in taxes Producers Manufactures a person or business that makes something Centralised Concentrated in one central organisation Close-knit With close ties to each other Well-funded With plenty of financial support Consumers People who use/buy products Fragmented Separate not centralised Friends of the Earth Large environmental organisation Child Poverty Action Group Large organisation helping children Paid-up members People who have paid their membership fees, i. e. ommitted members Deputations People sent to speak for a gro up Counter Oppose Grievances Complaints about unfair treatment Appeal to Request support from Chapter 47 To abrogate a law/treaty To bring a law/treaty to an official end To bend the law/rules To break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful To contravene a law To break a law To impeach a president/governor To make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence To infringe someones rights To prevent a person doing what they are legally allowed to do To rest an appeal To make an official appealTo uphold/overturn a verdict To say that a old decision was correct/incorrect To cloud the course of justice To put obstacles in the way of justice being done To squash a decision/conviction To change a former official decision/conviction To set a precedent To establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions To award/grant custody to To give one parent or adult the main responsibility fo r a child especially after separation or divorce To annul a marriage/agreement/law To declare that it no longer exist and never existed Discrimination raw treatment on ground of sex, race or nationality Embezzlement Stealing money that is in your care or belongs to an organisation that you work for Harassment Making a person feel anxious and unhappy Insider trading/dealing Illegal buying and selling of shared by someone who has specialist association of a company Joyriding Driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen Money laundering Moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced Perjury Lying when under oath Trespass Go onto someone elses land without permission Civil(court) Matters relating to, say, divorce Indictable i. e. hey are well-tried by indictment in a higher level of court Summary (offences) Are less serious and can be tried in lover level court Binding They have to abide by his or her decision Chapter 48 Patriotism Loyalty to your own country Deterrents Ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results Outlaw Make war illegal or impossible 1918 End of WO I Aerial warfare chip a war using aeroplanes 1945 End of WO II Annihilation Total destruction by nuclear weapons Great powers Most important political powers (used about the USA and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to 1990s) Revulsion against Feeling of total disgust towards Causes Movements, organisations Gaining their ends Achieving their aimsTo wage war To fight a war Hostilities Acts of war To assail To attack a place by surrounding it To ambush To attack unexpectedly from secret positions A truce An agreement during a war to stop fighting for a time A ceasefire Agreement between two armies or groups to stop fighting To rout To defeat totally Peacekeeping promenade Neutral soldiers engaged in keeping the peace in divided auberge An international observer Outside, neutral person or body A campaign Planned group of military ac tivities An incendiary device Bomb Germ/biological warfare Using germs to cause disease among enemy soldiers or crops Chapter 49 Development grants Are often given to poor regions (money to help economic development) Sustainable development Is the most important goal for most countries (development that does not destroy the economy/the environment, etc. ) Restrictive practices The placing of unfair restrictions, e. g. limiting imports Sanctions Restrictions on what a country may import/export Embargoes Total prohibitions on import/exporting certain goods Devaluation/revaluation Reduction/increase in value against other currencies Slump in prices Serious fall/collapse in prices pecuniary measures Measures concerning taxes, etc. Boost the economy Give the economy a lift Chapter 50 Was broke/ broke Had no money left broke = informal, skint = very informal Im rolling in it Informal have a lot of money To make ends meet To survive financially Things are a bit tight Informal my finance s are not good Strapped for cash Informal needed cash and had very little Bounced The bank refused to pay it Make out to What name shall I put on it APR Annual percentage rate of interest Expires Is not valid after Credit card fraud Illegal use of someones card or account Charge card Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month Store card Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store Lump sum Single, large paymentGolden handshake Large payment to someone on leaving a job Endowment Combined insurance and nest egg plan that pays out after a fixed period Life-savings Money saved over many years Share portfolios Combination of stocks and shares of different kinds Chapter 51 Obituaries Descriptions of the lives of famous people who have just died Leader/editorial An article giving the news writing editors opinion Classified ads Pages of advertisements in different categories Supplements Separate magazines included with the newspaper Feature An article or set of articles d evoted to a particular topic Agony columns Sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers private emotional roblems Agony aunt Person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column Pamphlet Small book with a soft cover, dealing with a specific topic, often political Leaflet Single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving nurture about something Brochure Small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel or a company, etc. Prospectus Small, thing book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company Flyer Single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc. , often given out in the street Booklet Small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something Manual Book of detailed instruction how to use something Chapter 52 Instant messaging A kind of e-mail where both(prenominal) people are online at the same time Chat rooms An online conversation between a gro up of people on topics chosen by them, where you can enter or leave the room at any time Newsgroups A website where people with shared interests can get news and information e-commerce All kinds of business done on the internet Attachments Files you send at the same time as e-mail messages Browsing Looking at different websites, with no particular goal Surfing the web Moving from one website or on web page to another, usually looking for something Graphic images Technical term for pictures, icons, diagrams, etc. ISP Internet Service Provider a company that offers users access to the Internet and services such as news, e-mail, shopping sites, etc. usually for a monthly fee Downloading Bringing files to your computer from the internet Uploading Sending files from your computer to the internet or to another internet user Spam unclaimed advertisements and other material sent to you by e-mail from companies Cookies A kind of program that is sent from the internet to your computer, ofte n without your knowledge, which can follow and record what you do, which websites you visit, etc. Offensive material Material such as pornography, or extreme political views, or material that encourages hate and violence against people Bookmarked Put it in a list of websites I can access immediately Subscribe to Become a member of Screen out Prevent from reaching you legion Central computer that distributes e-mail and other services to a group of users Down Not workingHacked into Accessed it illegally Anti-virus software Protection against computer viruses Bounced Came back to me Garbled Just a series of meaningless letters and numbers Chapter 53 Innovative Original and interesting Unsurpassed The best there is pull out other cars standing Are much better than other cars Put/leave other candidates in the shade Make candidates from other courses seem peanut Rock-bottom Extremely low Slashed Dramatically reduced Bargains galore A huge number of products on sale at ridiculously l ow prices Pamper yourself Treat yourself to something luxurious Indulge yourself Allow yourself something enjoyableSumptuous/opulent Both adjectives mean rich and special sumptuous collocates most strongly with words relating to food and furnishings, and opulent with words relating to lifestyle In the lap of luxury In a very luxurious way Proven Shown by research State-of-the-art Use the very latest technology Stand out in the crowd Be noticed Tantalisingly Temptingly Fetching/ bid Both adjectives mean attractive Alliteration Repetition of a sound Billboards Very large boards used for advertising Flyers Sheets of printed information advertising something Trailers Brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it Sky-writing Words written in the sky using smoke from a plane Sandwich boards Advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area Plug Advertise Chapter 54 Pressure groups People trying to influence wha t other people think about a particular issue Air their views Express their opinions Seek forwarding Want to reach a wider audience Press conferences Meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press Press release Give a formal annunciation to the press Sound bite Short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles Silly period Time of year, summer in the UK, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page Useful sources Making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news Monitoring Regularly checking Column inches SpacePut their own gloss/spin on a story Present a story in a particular way Muck-raking Collecting scandal (informal and disapproving) Arag Informal for a newspaper and it suggests that it is not of very high quality Gutter press Disapproving term used about the kind of newspapers and magazines that are more interested in hatred and sex than serious news Glossy Expensive magazine printed on good quality paper Copy Produced by journalist, having to be ready for a deadline Deadline Moment that al the articles have to be finished and ready to go to the press Stop press Place for very important stories Hot off the press A very new newspaper or story Exclusive A story that is only to be found in one newspaper Scoop Story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others Hit the headlines Story breaks Story breaks Becomes public knowledge Chapter 55 Fighting off Trying to get rid of Gone down with Has caught, usually a non-serious illness Come down with With I we say come down not go down I got over it Got better/recovered Recovering from Getting better uses for more serious illnesses Suffers from Used for more long-term problems Died of/from Not he died with lung crabby person Healthcare General expression for all of the services offered by hospitals, clinics, dentists, opticians, etc. National insurance Tax paid by most adults which cov ers the costs of healthcare for everyone National Health Service British name for the service that covers hostpitals, clinics, dentists, etc. family refer/GP doctor who looks after peoples health GP means general practitioner Surgery Small centre with just two or three doctors clinic Large centre with several doctors and kinds of services Prescription charge Charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a pharmacy Go private Choose private healthcare Diabetes Disease where the body does not properly absorb sugar starch Bronchitis Inflammation in the breathin system, causing you to cough Heart disease Serious illness connected with the heart which can lead to a heart attack Skin cancer/lung cancer/breast cancer Harmful tumours in those areas TB (tuberculosis) Infectious disease in the lungsCholera An intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking water Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Typhoid Fever, with red spots on the chast and abdomen Heart attack/f ailure When the heart fails Chapter 56 Hurt Gives pain caused by an injury Ache To suffer a usually dull persistant pain (the usual) aches and pains Often used to refer in a non-serious way to minor problems Cuts and bruises Can refer to minor injuries Stinging Sudden, burning pain Throbbing Beating with pain Stiff neck Pain and difficulty in moving your neck round Dizzy A feeling that you are spinning round and cant balance Feverish With a high temperature disgustful Feeling that you want to vomit Trembling Shaking Bunged up BlockedOff-colour/under the weather/ out of sorts Informal expressions that mean not well, but not seriously ill Alternative medicine Different from typical western systems * acupuncture * chripractic * herbal medicine Homeopathy Taking tiny amounts of natural substances to treat an illness Aromatherapy Using aromatic oils and massage Chapter 57 Clotting Forming a partly solid lump Dehydration Not having enough water in your body Ulcer Painful infected area on the skin or inside your body Side do Unwanted effects in addition to the intended one Stools Medical term for (formal) excrement or (informal, childish) pooh Symptom (methaphor) Often used when talking about problems in society Prognosis (methaphor) How experts expect it to develop Ailing (methaphor) One that has a lot of problems A rash of (methaphor) A number of similar things happening at the same time Fever (methaphor) Great excitementFever pitch (methaphor) A points of very high intensity jaundiced (methaphor) Unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experiences Carry the scars of/be scarred by (methaphor) be permanently affected by a negative experience Chapter 58 Cholesterol bufflehead substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals Plaque Unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries Offal Organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver) Excreted Got rid of from the body Fibre Substance in food tha t travels through the body as waste helping digestion Buffer Something (or someone) that helps protect from harm Gut Tubes that carry food from the stomachCardiovascular Affecting the heart and blood circulation Diabetics an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose because it does not produce enough insulin Glucose Sugar Insulin Hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body Pounds Measure of weight 1 pound (lb) = 454 grams Mood enhancer Hormone that makes you feel happier Sports and fitness metaphors Scored an own goal Made things worse rather than better Moving the goalposts Changing the rules Level playing field Fair situation In the running Seriously considerd Neck and neck Level with each other and equally likely to win Skate around Dont talk directly about Sailed through Passed very easily Also check Chapter 41 A 43 A + end B 44 A 48 C 49 A/B/C