Essay --

Interviewing for a job can be a stressful situation on many levels. Because prosperous interviewers conduct interviews to find the right applicant to fill a particular job vacancy. interviewers play the key role in determining whether the company and campaigner go forth make an effective match. It is the candidates objective to convince them that he or she is the right person for the job. However, whether your interviewing for a summer job, a part time job, or a job with room to move up, it is important to make a good impression in order to land it. These few tips will facilitate you make a great for the first time impression, and hopefully end your job search at the same time.The First step in successfully survive a job interview would be preparation. Preparing yourself is the key to confidence. Be prep ared for your interview. Before your interview, you should have a clear idea about what role they would birth you to work in,Start by learning what the company does, sells, of fers and how the company operates, the size of the company/business, and the kind of work or clients they have. Know what duties you will be expected to handle. The more(prenominal) you be intimate and understand the better prepared you will be. Another preparation would be having a resume. The purpose of your resume is to make a good first impression, a resume is a Summary of your Qualifications and skills It is always professional to bring a resume with you. Bringing a resume tells an employer that you are prepared and know how to present yourself effectively.Next, is Making an Impression. Usually, during a job interview, someone can make an evaluation of you within approximately 30 seconds of meeting you. Since theres no rewind button to undo a false start dont blow the probability to cem... ...ant is suitable for a position of employment. potential employees are evaluated by an employer for prospective employment in their company. a job interview is one of the most drawn-ou t and intimidating ways of making first impression. But is your opportunity to make an outstanding impression on the employer and not only prove your passion for the job Take some time to evaluate the impression that you are imprinting upon the new people that you meet. Be yourself when being analyzed on your first impression although, a person is judged automatically. being on time, respectful and urbane are wonderful skills walking into an interview. Follow these steps, youll notice a significant improvement in how well you perform in an interview your confidence will rise and you will know what you want and are ready to give to the employer. successfully mastering the interview.

Prostitution :: essays papers

ProstitutionProstitution is an issue which has caused controversy cross-culturallyand historically and which has many individuals reexamining thelogistics of it. If prostitution is decriminalized it will becomeeconomically profitable and feasible for not still the prostitutes, butalso western society as a whole. Without the 20th century western laws,which force prostitution underground, the profession of prostitutioncould become a clean and safe occupation. Prostitution laws arunconstitutional and deny the prostitutes what the Americanconstitution allows them. Prostitution is an illegal act in Canada andlarge portions of the United States which, if legalized, would cherishand benefit 20th century western society. If sanctioned, prostitutionwill become economically lucrative for the governments involved. The colossal amount of money spent each course of instruction on prostitute prevention could be spent on more urgent issues, which is exactly wha the San Francisco Task Force on P rostitution found.The total be accounted for in this report amounts to $7,634,750.00.Given the many areas in which we found that information is notavailable, or there are hidden costs, the over all expense to thetaxpayer exceeds $7.6 million annually.1The San Francisco Task Force is a group of researchers, policeofficers, members of the San Francisco community, government officials and prostitutes, who frequently meet to discuss the issues of prostitution and to try to come to some solution.Although they may not always agree, two issues they are in agreement about are that the$7.6 million dollars would be better spent elsewhere and that prostitution should belegalized.. Robert Noce of Manitoba city council wants reform of the Canadian Justice System and he would bid to see prostitution become worthwhile to Canadian taxpayers.Quite frankly, for anyone to suggest to me a dating or escort agency isjust offering companionship is being quite naive. Lets not try tobury our heads in th e sand and give nothing else is going on.Instead of pretending these establishments dont exist lets instead belogical about this and try to use the profits that we could be making,in a wise and useful manner. I think that the highest paying customersfor prostitution is us Canadians, in the money we put into fightingthis futile cause.2Instead of putting millions of dollars into stop this consensualact, the money saved and made from the legalization of prostitution can be spent on fighting child prostitutionand coerced prostitution. These two crimes are becoming rampant acrossNorth America, but lack of funds prevents a serious effort from being made to fightagainst them. If brothels and prostitutes were to be taxed like any other place of

Effect Of Tension On Resonance And Amplitude :: Papers

Effect Of Tension On Resonance And Amplitude PLANNING advise The aim of the experiment is to investigate the effect of tension on resonance and amplitude of a string. Basis Personal Knowledge This experiment is based on the resonance, frequency and amplitude. From what I have learnt in class and everyday life, I know that when a string of any kind is plucked, it moves to and fro. The movement causes the air molecules most it to vibrate. When it moves fast enough, the vibrations cause a sound to be heard. Research Some research was carried out into the principles on which the experiment is based. The frequency of an oscillation is defined as the number of cycles executed per unit time (Salters Horners Advanced Physics) That is for a spring the time taken for it to move to and fro once is its frequency. Frequency is measured in oscillation (Hz). Each object has its own natural frequency. (Physics For You by Keith Johnson). Resonance occurs when the applied frequency equals the natural frequency of the object. Therefore when the string to be used in the experiment is plucked and the applied frequency equals its natural frequency then resonance occurs. The resonant frequency of a string can be increase by * Shortening the length * Increasing the tension * Using a lighter string Variables and Constants The experiment is basically concerned with the effect that the tension leave have on the frequency and amplitude. Therefore, the basic variable exit be the tension of the string. The constant in this case would be the thickness of the string, as it will not be changed. This should ensure that the experiment is fairly accurate as its thickness can affect the resonance. Application of Principles The principles of frequency, resonance and amplitude are largely applied in many engineering projects. The understanding of the above principle is vital to ensure that bridges are safe to travel on.

Cases of Influenza :: Journalism Influenza Health Essays

Cases of InfluenzaST. LOUIS, Missouri.--The State Health Department has confirmed that there have been 666 new cases of flu today, 134 more since yesterday. Also it has been confirmed, sadly, that there has been 59 deaths, up 15 since yesterday, and making the grand total at 5,067 deaths in just three weeks. 21 of the deaths recorded yesterday were of pneumonia. Thus this epidemic seems to weaken the proboscis so much that it is not the only cause of death, pneumonia is as well. As we keep track of the new cases and of the fatal ones, they have urged the public to stay silence as they are travailing to do everything in their power to put an end to this. They are spending all hours seeking the source and coming up with a cure. At a time while our boys are overseas fighting and some losing their lives, the people in St. Louis are battling their own problems with this epidemic. It almost seems the incident numbers are mimicking each other, not to say they are suffering from t he same kind of fate. Just a shame that there are devil wars going on two different fronts, one overseas in Europe and the other here at home, trying to battle this disease, virus, bacteria, whatever it is. So far they are unclear as to where the disease came from and how it spreads. There have been several theories as to what the culprit is and what the public should do in response to this news. wizard doctor feels that people should avoid all contact with other people, closing all public arenas, and going as far as wearing masks outside. virtually doctors disagree with this, claiming it is unwarranted and unnecessary. They just feel that people should be sanitary and keep a safe distance from people and areas that look unclean. Also they discourage to stay away from alleyways and animals that fester in them. It might be that these dirty animals are harboring the disease and spreading it from fleas or other contagious ways. However, it has been seen that most cases of th e influenza are stemming from the inner-city. There are instances of people outside of the inner-city but not as numerous. So department officials have been sent to the inner-city to gather evidence and try to track any trends stemming from the start and spread of this disease.

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a play shell summed up in its title, it is just that, the death of a salesman. This death is non necessarily the physical end to a human feel, but the crumbling end to the dreams of Willie Loman, the plays chief(prenominal) character. The three main parts to Willies world are his job, his family, and his image as seen by the rest of the world. Although these parts are interwoven and interrelated, they are best shared out and given separate analysis. The first part of Willies world is his job. Willie is a salesman for a large company in untried York. Willies self-image and much of his self-worth are based in his job. In his own mind he is still as he used to be, comfortably known and well respected among the clientele in the New England area. Things have changed though and the people Willie at one time knew in the business are no longer there and he no longer has the connections he onc e had. His inability to cope with and adapt to this changing business has caused, among other things, a loss in pay. Willie has lost his competitive edge, and with it his feeling of self worth and identity. The endorsement part of Willies world is his family, more specifically his son, Biff. Biff is the firstborn and favorite son of Willie. Willie has high expectations of, and transfers his dreams, as so many fathers do, onto Biff. Biff can non live up to the expectations of his father and has dreams of his own which cause Willie to see him as a loafer, a shiftless bum with no desire to succeed. Although Willies dreams are not realized in Biff, his sons respect is still important. This respect is lost when Biff catches his father in an affair with a young lady. Even though this is not talked about (Biff never told anyone, not even his mother) it still creates tension and causes Biff to lose the respect he once held for Willie. Willies main philosophy in life is Be liked and you wil l never want and this is the cause of the problems in the third part of Willies life, his image. Image is everything to Willie. In his past he was a well liked, well known, respected man who turned his image into his success, but his image has changed.

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a play best summed up in its title, it is just that, the final stage of a salesman. This death is not necessarily the physical end to a human life, and the crumbling end to the dreams of Willie Loman, the plays main character. The three main parts to Willies world are his job, his family, and his attribute as bewitchn by the rest of the world. Although these parts are interwoven and interrelated, they are best divided and given separate analysis. The first part of Willies world is his job. Willie is a salesman for a large company in New York. Willies self-image and much of his self-worth are based in his job. In his own mind he is still as he used to be, well known and well respected among the clientele in the New England area. Things have changed though and the people Willie once knew in the business organisation are no longer there and he no longer has the connections he once had. His inability to cope with and adapt to this changing business has nonplusd, among some other things, a loss in pay. Willie has lose his competitive edge, and with it his feeling of self worth and identity. The second part of Willies world is his family, more specifically his son, Biff. Biff is the eldest and favorite son of Willie. Willie has high expectations of, and transfers his dreams, as so many fathers do, onto Biff. Biff can not live up to the expectations of his father and has dreams of his own which cause Willie to see him as a loafer, a shiftless bum with no desire to succeed. Although Willies dreams are not realized in Biff, his sons respect is still important. This respect is lost when Biff catches his father in an affair with a young lady. Even though this is not talked about (Biff never told anyone, not even his mother) it still creates strain and causes Biff to lose the respect he once held for Willie. Willies main philosophy in life is Be liked and you will never w ant and this is the cause of the problems in the third part of Willies life, his image. Image is everything to Willie. In his past he was a well liked, well known, respected man who turned his image into his success, but his image has changed.

Meaning and Definition of Philosophy Essay

The term school of thought is derived from two Greek words, Philia meaning to love or to befriend and, Sophia meaning wisdom. Thus, ism, means the love of wisdom. It was coined by Pythagoras, one of the sages of ancient Greece, born about the year 584 B. C. ism is an activity people contract when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other thanwise.As an academic crystallize doctrine is much the same. Those who study philosophy argon perpetu eachy engaged in asking, answering, and arguing for their answers to lifes most basic questions. To make such(prenominal) a pursuit more opinionated academic philosophy is traditionall(a)y divided into major aras of study. Characteristics of Philosophy Philosophy is distinguished from theology in that philosophy rejects dogma and deals with speculation rather than faith. Covers areas of enquiry where no facts as such are available.Phil osophy attains friendship, not by making use of the principles or articles of faith, scarce by the use of the principle of pictorial cognition, which may be obtained from the investigation of disposition and the natural study of things. Methods of Philosophy Philosophy investigates the ultimate causes of things, it is enough for it to part from unquestionable experience. It employs rational inference as its main instrumentality. Hence, it is experiential, merely chiefly rational. Philosophy uses the rational method in solving problems.The rational method means not all reasoning but overly contemplation combined with and confirmed by experience, observation, reflection and tradition. Philosophy as a intelligence and as an Art Philosophy is a wisdom that systematically develops a hypothesis with the use of analytical tools that would help resolve the problem tire oute logical reasoning. It is open for debates as a gentlemans gentleman aim to seek the truth through learnt knowledge. Philosophy is an art because you require inherent skills & natural ability to apply the philosophical principles. Philosophy stands at the pinnacle of fine pursuits.Philosophy is the crystallization of artistic expression. Distinction and Commonalities between Science and Philosophy a) Objects Both knowledge and philosophy attempts to understand and explain nature and reality. Science asks what and how and is only concerned with measurable data. In philosophy, it also asks why and is also concerned with things that cant be measured. b) Methods The methods of both science and philosophy is done through observation and rationality. The only difference is that science uses instruments darn philosophy only uses reflection.c) Procedure Both science and philosophy starts with a thing that is unknown which you regard to know something about. The only difference between the two is that science uses scientific method to come up with a result while philosophy dont. d) Conclus ions Both science and philosophy raises questions even after they have come up with a conclusion. Science conclusion, if proven, may become a law while in philosophy is only a way of how to look at things and cant become a law. Main Branches of Philosophy Metaphysics It is a offset of philosophy that studies the ultimate structure and constitution of reality.It is usually concerned with questions such as, what is being, what is a thing, what is the thing hood of things and what makes our world a world of things at all? Aristotle, Plato and Aquinas are some of the people who supported Metaphysics. ethical motive Also known as moral philosophy, the field of ethics exacts systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong demeanor. Philosophers in this starting time attempts to answer questions such as what is good? What is right? Is morality objective or subjective? How should I treat others? Immanuel Kant and Plato are some who advocated ethics.Ethics today a re divided into three general subject areas meta-ethics, prescriptive ethics, and applied ethics. a. Meta-ethics Investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. Meta-ethics answers to the questions of, are they merely social inventions, and do they involve more the expressions of our individual emotions? b. Normative Ethics Takes on a more practical task, which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. Involves in having good habits, following duties, and knowing the consequences of our behavior on others. c.Applied Ethics Involves in examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, capital punishments or homosexuality. esthetics A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensory-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiments and taste. roughly of the questions are concerned with the value of aesthetics and the variety of aesthetic attitudes, what can life be like? Immanuel Kant is the most influential theorist in this branch of philosophy.Epistemology It is the study of knowledge. Epistemologists concern themselves with a number of tasks, which we might sort into two categories. First is to determine the nature of knowledge what does it mean to say that someone knows, or fails to know something? Second is to determine the extent of human knowledge how much do we, can we, know? Aside from its focus on the nature of knowledge, Epistemology also focuses how it relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and justification. a. Belief Knowledge is a kind of belief.If one has no beliefs about a particular matter, one cannot have knowledge about it. b. Truth Knowledge, then, requires belief. Of course, not all beliefs constitute knowledge. Belief is necessary but not sufficient for knowledge. We are all sometimes mistaken in what we believe in other words, while some of our beliefs are straightforward, others are false. As we try to acquire knowledge, then, we are trying to increase our stock of true beliefs. c. Justification Just as knowledge requires successfully achieving the objective of true belief, it also requires success with regard to the formation of that belief.In other words, not all true beliefs constitute knowledge only true beliefs arrived at in the right way constitute knowledge. Rational Psychology Metaphysical discipline that assay to determine the nature of the human soul by a priori reasoning. Its subject-matter is the soul or mind, and its major task is to prove the immortality of the soul. It is also called Pneumatology, study of spirit or soul. One of three disciplines under special metaphysics in Christian Wolffs division of metaphysics. Theodicy This philosophy study concerns paragon His existence and His nature.It also attempts to reconcile the look conflict between the goodness of God a nd the existence of evil in the world. The term was coined in 1710 by German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Do you believe in God? Does God really exist? These are some of the questions that are raised in Theodicy. Social Philosophy The philosophical study of questions about social behavior of humans. The philosophy of social science can be described broadly as having two aims. First, it seeks to produce a rational reconstruction of social science.Second, the philosophy of social science seeks to critique the social sciences with the aim of enhancing their ability to explain the social world or otherwise improve our understanding of it. Thus philosophy of social science is both descriptive and prescriptive. What is the method of social science? Does social science use the same methods as natural science? These are some of the questions that concerns the philosophers. Logic Logic is one of the most important and oldest branches of philosophy and its subject matter falls at the core o f philosophizing.Logic studies patterns of reasoning dividing them into those that are valid and invalid with respect to a set of given rules. Aristotle is one of the proponent of this branch of philosophy. Aristotle does not believe that the purpose of logic is to prove that human beings can have knowledge, instead, the aim of logic is the elaboration of a coherent system that allows us to investigate, classify, and evaluate good and bad forms of reasoning. Other Subfields Philosophy of Science This is probably the largest subfield generated by epistemology.Philosophy of science is usually divided into philosophy of the natural sciences and philosophy of the social sciences. It has recently been divided further, into philosophy of physics, biology, psychological science, economics, and other sciences. Philosophy of science clarifies both the quest for scientific knowledge and the results yielded by that quest. It does this by exploring the logic of scientific evidence the nature of scientific laws, explanations, and theories and the possible connections among the various branches of science. How, for instance, is psychology related to brain biology, and biology to chemistry?And how are the social sciences related to the natural sciences? It is not an attempt to do science, but to ask questions about how science is done or why science is done and how and why it may be a good method. It is concerned with all the assumptions, foundations, methods, implications of science, and with the use and merit of science. This discipline sometimes overlaps metaphysics, ontology and epistemology when it explores whether scientific results comprise a study of truth. Plato, Aristotle, and Empedocles are some of the many philosophers of science. Philosophy of Education.A field of applied philosophy that examines the aims, forms, methods, and results of culture as both a process and a field of study. It is influenced both by developments within philosophy, especially questions of ethics and epistemology, and by concerns arising from instructional practice. Some of the philosophers of philosophy of education Socrates, contributed his dialectic method of inquiry. Plato and his vision of ideal Republic. Aristotle who considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education. Philosophy of Religion.Philosophy of religion is the philosophical study of the meaning and nature of religion. It includes the analyses of religious concepts, beliefs, terms, arguments, and practices of religious adherents. The range of those engaged in the field of philosophy of religion is broad and various and includes philosophers from the analytic and continental traditions, Eastern and Western thinkers, religious believers and agnostics, skeptics and atheists. Philosophy of religion draws on all of the major areas of philosophy as well as other relevant fields, including theology, history, sociology, psychology, and the natural sciences .Aristotle, Peter Abelard and St. Thomas Aquinas are some of the major philosophers of religion. Six main focus of philosophy of religion a) Religious phrase and Belief b) Religious Diversity c) Concepts of God / Ultimate Reality d) Arguments for and against the Existence of God e) Problems of Evil and Suffering f) Miracles Philosophy of History History is the study of the aside in all its forms. Philosophy of history examines the theoretical foundations of the practice, application, and social consequences of history and historiography.It is similar to other area studies such as philosophy of science or philosophy of religion in two respects. First, philosophy of history utilizes the topper theories in the core areas of philosophy like metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics to address questions about the nature of the past and how we come to know it whether the past proceeds in a random way or is guided by some principle of order, how best to explain or describe the events and o bjects of the past, how historical events can be considered causally efficacious on one another, and how to adjudicate testimony and evidence.Second, as is the case with the other area-studies, philosophy of history investigates problems that are unique to its subject matter. History focuses on the unique rather than the general. The founding philosopher of history is St. Augustine. St. Augustine was the first Christian to offer a comprehensive Philosophy of History. One of his greatest accomplishments was the sanctification of Platos understanding of the two realms the perfect Celestial Kingdom and the corrupt copy. Philosophy of Politics and Law.Study of such topics as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority what they are, why they are needed, what makes a government legitimate. Philosophy of law (or legal philosophy) is concerned with providing a general philosophical analysis of law and legal institutions. Issues in the field range from abstract conceptual questions about the nature of law and legal systems to normative questions about the relationship between law and morality and the justification for various legal institutions.Three categories into which the topics of legal philosophy fall analytic jurisprudence, normative jurisprudence, and diminutive theories of law. a) Analytic jurisprudence Involves providing an analysis of the essence of law so as to understand what differentiates it from other systems of norms, such as ethics. b) Normative jurisprudence Involves the examination of normative, evaluative, and otherwise prescriptive issues about the law, such as restrictions on freedom, obligations to obey the law, and the grounds for punishment.c) Critical Theories of Law Challenges more traditional forms of legal philosophy such as, slender legal studies and feminist jurisprudence. Philosophy of Mind This subfield has emerged from metaphysical concerns with the mind and mental phenomen a. The philosophy of mind addresses not only the possible relations of the mental to the physical, but the many concepts having an essential mental element belief, desire, emotion, feeling, sensation, passion, will, personality, and others.A number of major questions in the philosophy of mind cluster in the area of action opening What differentiates actions, such as raising an arm, from mere body movements, such as the rising of an arm? Must mental elements, for example intentions and beliefs, enter into adequate explanations of our actions, or can actions be explained by appeal to ordinary physical events? And what is required for our actions to be free? Aristotle is one proponent of this discipline.

English Vocabulary in Use Chapter 21/58

Chapter 21 Rewarding Gives you a lot of irrefutable experiences Fruitful Produces good results Lucrative guides a lot of m unmatchedy redress prep ares you healthy in body and/or mind Relaxing/calming Reduces stress, make wets a peaceful niping Time-con unificationing Takes a long magazine to do Culture vulture Big fan of anything cultural Couch potato Physic al maviny very inactive personDabbler Person who never keeps doing one bodily function for long Doer Person who believes in acting and doing things, non solely radical Shopaholic Person disposed to shopping compare alcoholic addicted to alcohol Is into Informal undertakes a great engage in/is very involved in Went take away Informal gimmickped liking/lost raise Locks herself a course Isolates herself from the world Hooked on Informal is addicted to shrink up to Informal do Full diary A lot of commitments/activi makesChapter 22 Scruff Dirty and untidy person Pastel In pale colours Power outfits schematic vestments to make you seem powerful frumpy Old-fashioned and boring Outfit Set of clothes for a detail occasion Dress codes Accepted way of dressing in a p artistic productionicular social group Dress d hold brook less formal clothes Smart-casual Clothes that are informal, nevertheless clean, tidy and stylish Dressy satisfactory for formal occasions Skimpy Close-fitting, using lilliputian material Baggy Loose eg. Of sweaterSnazzy Modern, stylish To be dressed to kill Wear clothes to attract flocks sexual attention Designer (label) clothes Expensive clothes Off the peg/rack Cheap clothes On the high street Cheap clothes Off the cuff Without having prepared anything To be hand in glove with person To conduct a close working relationship with somebody Cloak-and-dagger Involving secrecy and mystery To need/take the shirt of someones blanket Someones last possession On a shoestring Spending as little as thinkableWithout frills Simple and plain To put someone in a straitjacke t Restrict someones freedom To wear the trousers To be the dominant partner in a marriage Chapter 23 blackguardshit An empty building where mountain start living without owners permission Hovel Very poor, dirty house or flat in questioning condition Pied a terre mild flat/house in a city owned/rented by muckle in accession to their main house and use when visiting the city Penthouse Luxury flat at the top of a buildingCouncil housing Provided by state for people who screwingnot afford own foundation High-rise flats Flats in tall modern building with a lot of floors Granny flat Set of rooms for an olden person, connected to relatives house The rat race Unpleasant way in which people struggle competitively for wealth and power Fengshui A Chinese doctrine position of buildings and arrangements of objects in their home affect health and well-being people. Minimalism A style involving using the smallest possible range of materials, colours etc. moreoer the most simple sh apes/designs Post-modernism A style of architecture.The arts etc. popular 1980s 1990s New age A way of invigoration and thinking developed late 1980s, includes wide range of beliefs and activities not accepted by most people Subsistence farming Where people be by growing just plentiful food for their own family A household word/name Something everyone knows A drink on the house A free drink lieu truths Information that is adjust but not pleasant or welcome nothing to save home approximately Nothing special Hit home Become fully understood or fully felt Thats the story of my biography Thats what always happens to me rush the time of your life accept a wonderful timeGet a youthful lease of life Become more ener shakeic and active than before A dogs life A very un blessed and baffling life Chapter 24 Socialising Spending leisure time with some other people A housewarming ( troupe) companionship to celebrate moving into a new house or flat A launch ( troupe) Party to c elebrate the worldation of track record/new product A fancy dress party Party where everyone dresses up in costume as other people A stag party Party before the wedding for husbands and male friends A girls night out/a hen party An evening for just female friends. Hen party for a wedding. A reception nut partyWedding party Main group of close family and friends at a wedding Black tie/white tie Formal party with black bow ties or white bow ties Networking fashioning contacts that will be useful business/ flight Old civilise tie/old boy network Contacts made by the children of the upper class while at expensive common soldier school Pro-active Taking action yourself rather than waiting for something to happen Put themselves more or less Informal make themselves visible in the hope of being noticed by someone serious Climb the career ladder Getting higher up in your career To hobnob/hobnobbing Negative association, to be friendly with someone who is important or famous To rub shoulders with Informal mix socially with people who are famous Hangs out with/knock around with Spends social time with A bash/do/get-together/booze up A party, booze up = colloquial lots of alcohol Outstaying my welcome To host = staying to long Party animal Someone who loves spill to parties Party pooper Someone who spoils parties by being disapproving/miserable Clubbing Going to one or more nightclubs On the town Enjoy the entertainment in a town Chummy/pally FriendlyCliquey Negative word for small group of people who make pass time together and do not al funky others to join them An item Having a romantic relationship Stood me up Failed to turn up on a date Drop him End our relationship Gone on a pub crawl Gone to spend an evening going to several diametrical pubs Chapter 25 Overrated Not as good as people pronounce Hackneyed Done so ofttimes it is boring Impenetrable Complex and inconceivable to extrapolate Disjointed Unconnected and not clear in effectuate Far-fetche d Impossible to believe Risque Slightly immoral and likely to shock people Gripping Exciting and keeping your attention the complete time Harrowing Extremely upsetting Moving make you feel unvoiced emotion, especially poignancy or sadness Memorable You remember it long laterUnderstated Done or expressed in a simple but mesmerizing style Panned Very negatively criticised Lauded Highly praised Bombed Was a failure Awards Prized/honours Up-and-coming Likely to become very famous or successful masterpiece Very great work of art Was miscast Was the wrong actor for the role Encores Calls from the audience to repeat it Standing ovation The audience stood up and applauded commentary Way of understanding and performing it Version One of several performances that exist Rendition Performance on a specific occasion Portrayal The encounter she created Chapter 26 Pulling the wool over eyes DeceivingPhilistinism Inability to appreciate art or culture Detractors Critics Wised up Become mor e cultivate Dumbed down Become less intellectual Tate modern New modern art gallery in London Renaissance Period of new interest in the arts, Europe 14th/16th century Fad A short enthusiasm for something Vote with their feet Stop coming Impressionism Types of artist and schools of the last cl years Cubist Types of artist and schools of the last 150 years Surrealists/surrealism Types of arts and schools of the last 150 years Deemed Considered (formal) Visually literate Educated with regard to art Immune to/inured to Not affected by Opposites in the brackets Highbrow (lowbrow) Intended for educated, intelligent people = disapproving Impenetrable (transparent) Extremely difficult to understand Sophisticated (primitive) Showing advanced skills and understanding Challenging (undemanding) Demanding considerable effort to be understood Dazzling (pedestrian) Inspiring great admiration because it is brilliant in some way Evocative (uninspiring) Calling up images and memories Exquisite (clum sy) Having rare beauty or delicacy Intriguing (dreary) Interesting because it is strange or shadowy Peerless (run-of-the-mill) Better than any other Tongue-in-cheek (earnest) Not intended to be taken seriously despite appearing serious Chapter 27 lurb piteous text on the back of a book describing what the book is rough Poignant chronicle A moving and sad description of a chronological sequence of events Compelling tale Powerful story that keeps you interested Lugubrious setting instead dark and gloomy setting/situation Page-turner Very interesting and harming story Enigmatic tale Mysterious story Macabre Often cruel or disgusting, concerned with dead Chilling Causing great caution Breath taking achievement Amazing achievement Wry humour Humour in the face of a bad situation Evocative scenes Scenes which kick upstairs memories or images Journal 1. A written record of what youve done each day 2. An academic publication containing articles, reporting research, new theories etc . ublished at rhythmical intervals Memoirs Written record of persons own life, typically by politician or military figure Anthology Collection of, for example, poems or short stories from diametric authors Compendium Collection of detailed, concise education just about a particular subject Manuel Usually a technical book with instructions Logbook Book that records events and measure etc. ship, flat etc. Compulsive reading Formal difficult to stop once youve started Cant put down Informal difficult to stop once youve started Lightweight Not complex, slightly negative connotation Bedtime reading Nice to read in bed Heavy going grueling to read Get into Become involved/engaged with Chapter 28 Synthetic Made from artificial substances Wholesome Good for you, physically or morallywheaten Containing all the inwrought substances in the grain with nothing removed Fair Trade Refers to products such as coffee, tea, chocolate marketed in such a way that the small farmers in developin g countries who pretend them get the profits rather than large multinational companies Free-range Relating to farm animals that are not kept in cages GM Genetically modified, i. e. the genes of a natural product hear been altered in some way Loopholes Ways of getting round regulations Derivatives Things produced from Recipe for stain sure to lead to All the ingredients of All the necessary distinctives Dilute Make less dominant Stew Worry or suffer especially about something you think is his fault Grilled Asked a lot of questions Half-baked Unrealistic or not thought through properly Spice up Make more lively Unsavoury Unpleasant, morally offensive Turned sour Went wrongJuicy Exciting and interesting Chapter 29 Split the bill from each one person will fall in for him/herself Is on me Informal I am containing for you Join us Come with us Be our guest Formal we will pay Get this Informal pay the bill this time Wined and dined Invited out to restaurants Impeccable Perfect, c ant be faulted Sluggish Rather black Courteous Polite Sullen Bad-tempered/unwilling to smile Overbearing Too confident/too inclined to tell people what to do brusk Quick and rude Off-putting Makes you feel you dont want to go there again Go out of their way Do everything possible perk up a sweet tooth Love sweet thingsCount the calories/calorie conscious Be careful how many calories I eat Savoury engaging in flavour or with herbs Fussy eater Person who has very particular demands when eating Teetotal Never drink alcohol Dietary requirements Formal special needs/things someone cant eat Overdo it Eat or drink too more than Take pot peck Eat what were eating, nothing special Bring a bottle Usually means a bottle of wine Dinner party Rather formal dinner with guests Informal get-together Informal group of people meeting for a meal/drinks etc. Seconds A second helping/serving of a dish Say when Tell me when I have served enough When Thats enough, thanksNibbles Thinks like nuts, c risps etc. before a meal Grab a bite to eat Have a quick meal Take away Ready-cooked meal bought to take home Chapter 30 Give way/give way sing Geef voorrang/voorrangsbord Has the right of way Is allowed to go before other traffic Sounding/hooting/tooting your horn Claxoneren Jumping at red light Not stopping at Reckless driving Very dangerous driving, without any care for others Drink-driving Driving when youve drank too much alcohol Breathalyser Instrument you happen into to measure alcohol level Hit-and-run Running over/into someone and not stopping Ban Removal of ones driving authorizePenalty points Negative pints on your licence which are added up over time On-the-spot-fines Given at the scene of the offence Exhaust emissions Waste gases produced by the vehicle Road worthy In a condition that it can be driven safely Tyre tread The depth of the grooves in the tire rubber Tailback Line of slow or stopped traffic Pile-up Crash between several or many cars Diverted Directed awa y from our road Tow away zone Area where your car may be taken away if you park viciously Clamped Fitted with a metal device on the wheel to prevent it from moving Road rage Anger or violence between drivers because of difficult driving conditions Skidded Lost control of the steering hostile collision Two vehicles hitting each other directly in the front Air-bags Bags in your car that blow up when you crash Chapter 31 schedule flight Normal regular flights Charter flight Special flight taking a group of people ordinarily to the equivalent holiday finis Apex arrives normally have to be booked a fixed no. of days in advance Value for bills/budget Fare usually cheaper Restrictions e. g. you can only travel on certain days Non-refundable You cant get you bills back Cancellation fee Money you pay when you cancel Stopover You may stay somewhere overnight before continuing to you destination All-in packages Normally include accommodation and transfers Transfers e. g. us or trail to and from you hotel Crossing Sea travel on a ferry Go on a cruise Holiday on the sea The holiday of a lifetime One you will always remember Berth/shared cabin A bed in a cabin with other people Deluxe cabin Bigger and more comfortable Upper deck The higher part of the ship Exotic Unusual or exciting Get away from it all Escape you daily life and routines Getting around Informal travelling to unalike places Un puted mileage You can travel as many miles as you like for the same price Extras e. g. accident insurance Go as you please Go where you want when you want Self-catering Where you do your own cookingChalet Small cottage or cabin specially built for holiday makers Guest houses Private homes allegeing high standard accommodation Inns convertible to pubs, but also offering accommodation, usually beautiful old buildings B and B Bed-and-breakfast Half board Usually breakfast and one other meal Full board All meals Chapter 32 Escape the crowd Go where there are not many people Wander of the beat out track Go to places tourists dont normally go Get back to nature Live a natural rural style of life A promising choice A choice which could be a very good one Boasts This use of boast is for listing the good qualities of a place (formal) Hordes Crowds, in a negative sense Tourism sector Tourist industry (formal)Seeking something out of the commonplace Common collocation spirit for something contrastive/unusual Wealth of elephantine amount of (formal) Virgin Original and natural Flora and fauna Plants and animals (Latin) fixed phrase Ecotourism Holidays that respect the environment loosen Relax, reduce your general level of stress Recharge Get back you energy The bush A term for the wild, tree- or grass- covered areas in Africa or Australia 44 Four by four vehicles with driving power at all 4 wheels Waterfront On the edge of the sea or of a river Discerning Who knows what he/she wants in terms of good quality Stunning Extremely beautifulUnbeatable No oth er company can offer cheaper ones for the same service Awe-inspiring If fills you with a sense of power and beauty of what youre looking at Rambled, hikes, treks These words represent a scale of length and difficulty Ramble Long pleasant walk, not too demanding Hike More demanding, suggesting more difficult terrain Trek Usually of several days over wild ground Unrivalled No other holiday programme can match this Savour A word typically used in advertisements meaning enjoy heart and soul agriculture The inland areas furthest from the sea or from borders with other countries Chapter 33 Prone to Tending to have a particular negative characteristic A unblock Dry Drought Period without rain Tundra Area in north with no trees and permanently frozen ground Vegetation Plant lifeConiferous Trees that are evergreen (green all year round) and produce cones, unlike deciduous trees, which lose their leaves in winter Prairies Flat grasslands in Canada and Northern ground forces Paddy fields Fields planted with rice growing in body of water Cereals Type of grass cultivated to produce a grain i. e. a food plant like rice, wheat or maize Tend Take care of animals Manufacturing Producing goods in large numbers Forefront In an important position Generates Produces Are descended from Are related to Ancestors Relatives from earlier times we are our ancestors descendants Migrants the great unwashed who move to live in another country emigre Someone who leaves a countryImmigrant Someone who moves to live in a country Settled Made their homes Chapter 34 Formal Informal Chilly freezing/nippy Hot Boiling/sweltering/roasting Windy Blowy/breezy Oppressive/sultry Stifling/heavy/close Downpour/ alluvion Chucking it down/ its pouring Humid Muggy/clammy Climate metaphors Climate of distrust Climate of change Cultural/current/economic / pecuniary /moral/ political / social/ prevailing climate Sunny disposition frosty reception Job prospects are sunny Snowed under with work She ve rbalise icily Snowed under with work Under a cloud of suspicion Cloud you judgement Hail of bullets Hail/storm of abuse In a hazeHazy idea In the mists of Misty-eyed Whirlwind of speculation Whirlwind romance Thunderous applause The horses thundered down the race track Winds of change/discontent/ democracy Chapter 35 Cement Make building/relationships stronger Brick wall Metaphorically a barrier Ceiling Can be used to suggest a limit to something Glass ceiling Phrase used to refer to invisible barrier that stops people, especially woman, from rising to top positions at work Roof As metaphor the roof fell on my world, the day he died. Go through the roof Colloquial phrase 1. If prices go through the roof, they increase in a rapid, uncontrolled fashion. 2.Person goes through the roof, commonly used to mean lose ones temper hit the roof Tower Conveys an idea of distance from ordinary people Ivory tower Someone living in it = he or she does not know about the unpleasant and ordinary t hings that happen in life Tower of strength About a person = extremely strong (emotional) Towers above Outstanding in some substantiating way Gateway to Metaphorical provide access Door Like gateway to and other metaphorical phrases * closed shut a lot of doorsills * opens door * close the door on our past.. Doing something through/by the back door Suggest doing it un authorisedly Key Metaphorical phrases * provide/hold the secernate to * the key to success * key figures Chapter 36 Seed(s) Often used to talk about the start of an idea or feeling * the seeds of success * the seeds of discontent * the seeds of revolution Root(s) Is used to suggest the origins of something * the commencement of a problem * the roots of a tradition * deeply/firmly rooted collocation going back to your roots going back to the place where your family come from putting down roots settling down and making your home in one place take root Idea becomes known or accepted Grass roots Is the ordinary peopl e of an organisation, not the leaders Stem utilise as verb to signify that something originates in something else A branch Something that grows off or branches out from main organisation * branches of a shop * business branching out in new directions bud Flower before it opens. Nipped in the bud Stopped before it develops into something Budding (adjective) Showing promise of future development Weed out Get rid off Prune back Cut/limit Is reaping the reward of Is getting results from Have dug up Have discovered Was germinating Was beginning to develop Have been sprouting Have been appearing quickly in large numbers Is flourishing Is doing very well Sheds Loses Shed employees / traditions /worries / inhibitions / weight Lose.. fading (metaphorically) proper smaller Shrivelling (metaphorically) becoming less Wilt (metaphorically) lose energy Glance/look/remark can wither or be withering Make the recipient feel scorned Chapter 37 Mammal Animal that gives birth to live babies, not egg s, and feeds them on its own milk Rodent e. g. mouse, rat reptilian e. g. snake, lizard Carnivore Animal that eats meat Herbivore Animal that eats grass/vegetation Predator Animal that hunts/eats other animals Docile Behaves very light Tame Not afraid of humans Domesticated Lives with ore is used by humans Wild Opposite of domesticated Savage Extremely violent or wild Fierce Behaves aggressively Natural habitat Preferred natural place for living and breeding Game reserves/game parks Areas of land where animals are cling toed from hunting, etc. Bird sanctuary Protected area where birds can live and breed Animal shelter Place where cats, dogs, horses, etc. hich have no home are given food and a place to live Blood sports Sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals The fur switch over The hunting and selling of animal furs for coats, jackets, etc. Poachers People who hunt animals illegally The ivory trade The buying and selling of ivory from elephants tusks Animal rights a ctivists People who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals Chapter 38 Shrinking habitats Places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size Endangered species Types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing Global warming Steady rise in average world temperatures Climatic changes Changes in the weather/climate carbon dioxide emissions Carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc. Fossil fuels Coal, oil, etc. Greenhouse effect Warming of the Earths surface caused by pollution Exerts severe pressure on Formal puts pressure on Finite resources Limited resources Ecological balance Balance of natural relationships in the environment Deforestation Destruction/clearing of forests demographic projections Forecasts about the population The worst case scenarios The worst possibilities for the future Pristine environments Perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas Green credentials Reputation for positive support of the environment Prophets of doom and gloom People who always make the most of depressing or pessimistic forecasts for the future Sustainable development organic evolution of industry, etc. hich does not threaten the environment or social and economic stability Piecemeal conservation Carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan Chapter 39 Prompt Quick, without delay Query Question or enquiry about service Responsive to complaints They listen, take them seriously and act Accommodating Willing to understand and help Got back to me Called me with an answer to my query Impeccable 100% perfect Obliging Willing and happy to do things for you Incompetent Failing through insufficient skill, cognition or training Impersonal Lacking a personal element Shoddy sorry quality (of service or of goods)Substandard Below the standard expected ( often used about actions) Uncooperative Not supportive, unwilling to work together modesty Number which are waiting to be dealt with Sense of urgency Feeling that your request is important or urgent Helpline Telephone number where you can get help if you have problems Put you on hold Make you wait Under guarantee/warranty Having a written promise by a company to repair or replace a faulty product Secure site Web address where no outside person can read your details Privacy policy/safe transactions Business exchanges which protect, e. g. your credit card from use by someone else FAQ Frequently asked questionsBrowse control at the list of goods/services offered before buying Immediate dispatch Goods will be sent at once Nationwide Covering the whole country Chapter 40 Landing card Form with your personal details and date of arrival Customs declaration form Form showing how much money and what goods you are carrying Vaccination certificate Paper proving you have had the necessary health injections Entry restrictions Rules about who can enter a country and for how long Spot checks/random checks Checks done without warning Sniffer dogs Spec ially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs Clear customs Take your bags through customsPort of admittance The port or airport where you first enter a country Political asylum Permission to stay in another country to eliminate political persecution back home Economic migrants People who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work Offences Offence is a formal word for an illegal action Fixed penalty Fixed sum payable for a particular offence On-the-spot fine Fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence Parking tickets Papers places on drivers windscreens fining them for illegal parking Breathalyser An instrument which you blow into that whose if you have consumed alcohol recently Make a statement Say what happened and sign a copy of it Stop-and-search Power to stop people and search them in the street supervision cameras Cameras that record everything that happens Search warrant Official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house Sec urity forces Often a name for the forces and police together enforcing the law Plain clothes/undercover police police force who do not wear uniform Paramilitary police Police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers Drug police squad Policy specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade Anti-corruption squad Police specially trained to discover and fight bribery/corruption Chapter 41 Adherent (of) A person who supports a particular idea or party Convert (to) Someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs Fanatic (disapproving) someone with a very strong belief positive Someone who believes there should be extreme political change, either of a left- or right-wing nature Reactionary (disapproving) someone who opposed to change or new ideas Bigot (disapproving) someone with strong unreasonable beliefs who thinks that anyone with other beliefs is wrong Feminism Movement that seeks equal political and social right for women Assumption Unquestioning acce3ptance that something is true Derives from Has its origins in Eradicate Abolish or get rid of Postulates Basic principles Consciousness Awareness Usher in Introduce Credible Believable credulous Too willing to believe what youre toldIncredulous Not wanting or able to believe something Credence (formal) acceptance that something is true Gullible considerably tricked into believing things that may not be true Ingenuous Trusting, sincere, often in a way that seems foolish (im)plausible (un)convincing Ascribe/attribute (formal) you consider something to be caused, created or possessed by that person or thing A tenet One of the principles on which a belief is based Give someone the benefit of the doubt To accept that someone is telling the truth even if you thought it is not certain Take something with a pinch of alt You do not totally believe what you are told I dont buy thatA likely storyWhat dyou take me for? I wasnt innate(p) yesterday Pull the other one Ill believe it when I see it (informal ) I dont believe it (yet) Chapter 42 Superstitious Have illogical beliefs about hidden forces in nature Centenary/bi-centenary 100th anniversary/ 200th anniversary Penance Actions to show you are sorry for bad deeds Fasting Not eating for a long period Flamboyant Extremely colourful and exaggerated Raucous Very noisy drab Serious, heavy and sad Atmospheric Had a special feeling or atmosphere Commemorates Formal respects and remembers officially Chapter 43 Syntax The grammar and word orderModality Meanings such as possibility and necessity Modal verbs Like must, could and should Phonology The sound system Phonemes Different sounds that distinguish meanings Diphthongs Sounds made by feature vowels, such as ? and ei Lexicon technical term for vocabulary Compounds Words formed by combining words Graeco-Latin Originally from Greek and Latin Anglo-Saxon voice communication of England from 500-100 AD Orthography Technical term for writing systems Characters Letters or symbols Pictogr ams Characters representing pictures Ideograms Characters representing ideas/concepts Morphology How words are formed Morphemes Units of meaningInflected Words have endings to show tense, person, person, etc. Isolating Each words had only one morpheme Chapter 44 Feudal Relating to a social system strictly organised match to rank typical of e. g. Europe in the midway Ages Medieval Of or from the middle ages i. e. 1000-1500 AD Renaissance Period of new growth of interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries Victorian Relating to the period 1837-1901 when Victoria was Queen of Britain associated with values of self-control, hard work, loyalty, strong religious beliefs Infantry Soldiers on foot Cavalry Soldiers on horseback Legion Roman army suit of) armour Metal protective article of clothing worn by soldiers Chariot Two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient times for racing and war Galleon wide-ranging sailing ship with ca rdinal or four masts used in trade and war in the 15th to 18th centuries Stagecoach Covered vehicle pulled by horses that carries passengers and goods on regular routes Cart Open vehicle with two or four wheels and pulled by an animal Serf Person working on the land who legally belongs to his master Jester Person who entertained people in the Middle Ages with jokes Minstrel Person who entertained people in the Middle Ages with music and poetry Highwayman Man on horseback who robbed travellers on roads Chapter 45 Absolute poverty Is defenced according to an absolute minimum standard, often called poverty line Relative poverty Means that you are poor in relation to those around you Income poverty Means that you are poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country Human poverty Takes into account other factors, such as life expectancy, infant malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of food or clean water Malnutrition Ill health caused by inadequate food Illiterac y Inability to read or write Sanitation Systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene GDP Gross Domestic Product the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in one year, excluding income received from abroad GNP Gross National Product is GDP plus money earned from abroad by companies based in that country Poverty alleviation Reducing the level of poverty Debt servicing Paying back money owed on loans Penury The state of being extremely poor The breadline Having the level of income of an extremely poor person Impoverished Poor, without much money to live onDestitute Without money, food, home or possessions Deprived Not having the things necessary for a pleasant life- food, home, money Living from hand to mouth Having just enough money to live without suffering Money has been tight There has not been much money Chapter 46 Legislation Law making Constituents People who select on MP Lobbies Interest groups who try to influence MPs C orporations Large companies Institute of Directors Organisation of top business people Ministers MPs with top responsibilities, e. g. for health, instruction Civil servants People employed in government departments (the Civil Service) Lobbyists People who lobbyChancellor of the Exchequer Finance minister (in the UK) Annual budget periodical financial plan (of tax rates, etc. ) Petitions Formal requests often signed by lots of people task concessions Reductions in taxes Producers Manufactures a person or business that makes something Centralised Concentrated in one central organisation Close-knit With close ties to each other Well-funded With plenty of financial support Consumers People who use/buy products Fragmented Separate not centralised Friends of the Earth Large environmental organisation Child Poverty Action Group Large organisation helping children Paid-up members People who have paid their membership fees, i. e. ommitted members Deputations People sent to speak for a gro up Counter Oppose Grievances Complaints about unfair treatment Appeal to Request support from Chapter 47 To abrogate a law/treaty To bring a law/treaty to an official end To bend the law/rules To break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful To contravene a law To break a law To impeach a president/governor To make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence To infringe someones rights To prevent a person doing what they are legally allowed to do To rest an appeal To make an official appealTo uphold/overturn a verdict To say that a old decision was correct/incorrect To cloud the course of justice To put obstacles in the way of justice being done To squash a decision/conviction To change a former official decision/conviction To set a precedent To establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions To award/grant custody to To give one parent or adult the main responsibility fo r a child especially after separation or divorce To annul a marriage/agreement/law To declare that it no longer exist and never existed Discrimination raw treatment on ground of sex, race or nationality Embezzlement Stealing money that is in your care or belongs to an organisation that you work for Harassment Making a person feel anxious and unhappy Insider trading/dealing Illegal buying and selling of shared by someone who has specialist association of a company Joyriding Driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen Money laundering Moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced Perjury Lying when under oath Trespass Go onto someone elses land without permission Civil(court) Matters relating to, say, divorce Indictable i. e. hey are well-tried by indictment in a higher level of court Summary (offences) Are less serious and can be tried in lover level court Binding They have to abide by his or her decision Chapter 48 Patriotism Loyalty to your own country Deterrents Ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results Outlaw Make war illegal or impossible 1918 End of WO I Aerial warfare chip a war using aeroplanes 1945 End of WO II Annihilation Total destruction by nuclear weapons Great powers Most important political powers (used about the USA and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to 1990s) Revulsion against Feeling of total disgust towards Causes Movements, organisations Gaining their ends Achieving their aimsTo wage war To fight a war Hostilities Acts of war To assail To attack a place by surrounding it To ambush To attack unexpectedly from secret positions A truce An agreement during a war to stop fighting for a time A ceasefire Agreement between two armies or groups to stop fighting To rout To defeat totally Peacekeeping promenade Neutral soldiers engaged in keeping the peace in divided auberge An international observer Outside, neutral person or body A campaign Planned group of military ac tivities An incendiary device Bomb Germ/biological warfare Using germs to cause disease among enemy soldiers or crops Chapter 49 Development grants Are often given to poor regions (money to help economic development) Sustainable development Is the most important goal for most countries (development that does not destroy the economy/the environment, etc. ) Restrictive practices The placing of unfair restrictions, e. g. limiting imports Sanctions Restrictions on what a country may import/export Embargoes Total prohibitions on import/exporting certain goods Devaluation/revaluation Reduction/increase in value against other currencies Slump in prices Serious fall/collapse in prices pecuniary measures Measures concerning taxes, etc. Boost the economy Give the economy a lift Chapter 50 Was broke/ broke Had no money left broke = informal, skint = very informal Im rolling in it Informal have a lot of money To make ends meet To survive financially Things are a bit tight Informal my finance s are not good Strapped for cash Informal needed cash and had very little Bounced The bank refused to pay it Make out to What name shall I put on it APR Annual percentage rate of interest Expires Is not valid after Credit card fraud Illegal use of someones card or account Charge card Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month Store card Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store Lump sum Single, large paymentGolden handshake Large payment to someone on leaving a job Endowment Combined insurance and nest egg plan that pays out after a fixed period Life-savings Money saved over many years Share portfolios Combination of stocks and shares of different kinds Chapter 51 Obituaries Descriptions of the lives of famous people who have just died Leader/editorial An article giving the news writing editors opinion Classified ads Pages of advertisements in different categories Supplements Separate magazines included with the newspaper Feature An article or set of articles d evoted to a particular topic Agony columns Sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers private emotional roblems Agony aunt Person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column Pamphlet Small book with a soft cover, dealing with a specific topic, often political Leaflet Single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving nurture about something Brochure Small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel or a company, etc. Prospectus Small, thing book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company Flyer Single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc. , often given out in the street Booklet Small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something Manual Book of detailed instruction how to use something Chapter 52 Instant messaging A kind of e-mail where both(prenominal) people are online at the same time Chat rooms An online conversation between a gro up of people on topics chosen by them, where you can enter or leave the room at any time Newsgroups A website where people with shared interests can get news and information e-commerce All kinds of business done on the internet Attachments Files you send at the same time as e-mail messages Browsing Looking at different websites, with no particular goal Surfing the web Moving from one website or on web page to another, usually looking for something Graphic images Technical term for pictures, icons, diagrams, etc. ISP Internet Service Provider a company that offers users access to the Internet and services such as news, e-mail, shopping sites, etc. usually for a monthly fee Downloading Bringing files to your computer from the internet Uploading Sending files from your computer to the internet or to another internet user Spam unclaimed advertisements and other material sent to you by e-mail from companies Cookies A kind of program that is sent from the internet to your computer, ofte n without your knowledge, which can follow and record what you do, which websites you visit, etc. Offensive material Material such as pornography, or extreme political views, or material that encourages hate and violence against people Bookmarked Put it in a list of websites I can access immediately Subscribe to Become a member of Screen out Prevent from reaching you legion Central computer that distributes e-mail and other services to a group of users Down Not workingHacked into Accessed it illegally Anti-virus software Protection against computer viruses Bounced Came back to me Garbled Just a series of meaningless letters and numbers Chapter 53 Innovative Original and interesting Unsurpassed The best there is pull out other cars standing Are much better than other cars Put/leave other candidates in the shade Make candidates from other courses seem peanut Rock-bottom Extremely low Slashed Dramatically reduced Bargains galore A huge number of products on sale at ridiculously l ow prices Pamper yourself Treat yourself to something luxurious Indulge yourself Allow yourself something enjoyableSumptuous/opulent Both adjectives mean rich and special sumptuous collocates most strongly with words relating to food and furnishings, and opulent with words relating to lifestyle In the lap of luxury In a very luxurious way Proven Shown by research State-of-the-art Use the very latest technology Stand out in the crowd Be noticed Tantalisingly Temptingly Fetching/ bid Both adjectives mean attractive Alliteration Repetition of a sound Billboards Very large boards used for advertising Flyers Sheets of printed information advertising something Trailers Brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it Sky-writing Words written in the sky using smoke from a plane Sandwich boards Advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area Plug Advertise Chapter 54 Pressure groups People trying to influence wha t other people think about a particular issue Air their views Express their opinions Seek forwarding Want to reach a wider audience Press conferences Meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press Press release Give a formal annunciation to the press Sound bite Short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles Silly period Time of year, summer in the UK, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page Useful sources Making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news Monitoring Regularly checking Column inches SpacePut their own gloss/spin on a story Present a story in a particular way Muck-raking Collecting scandal (informal and disapproving) Arag Informal for a newspaper and it suggests that it is not of very high quality Gutter press Disapproving term used about the kind of newspapers and magazines that are more interested in hatred and sex than serious news Glossy Expensive magazine printed on good quality paper Copy Produced by journalist, having to be ready for a deadline Deadline Moment that al the articles have to be finished and ready to go to the press Stop press Place for very important stories Hot off the press A very new newspaper or story Exclusive A story that is only to be found in one newspaper Scoop Story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others Hit the headlines Story breaks Story breaks Becomes public knowledge Chapter 55 Fighting off Trying to get rid of Gone down with Has caught, usually a non-serious illness Come down with With I we say come down not go down I got over it Got better/recovered Recovering from Getting better uses for more serious illnesses Suffers from Used for more long-term problems Died of/from Not he died with lung crabby person Healthcare General expression for all of the services offered by hospitals, clinics, dentists, opticians, etc. National insurance Tax paid by most adults which cov ers the costs of healthcare for everyone National Health Service British name for the service that covers hostpitals, clinics, dentists, etc. family refer/GP doctor who looks after peoples health GP means general practitioner Surgery Small centre with just two or three doctors clinic Large centre with several doctors and kinds of services Prescription charge Charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a pharmacy Go private Choose private healthcare Diabetes Disease where the body does not properly absorb sugar starch Bronchitis Inflammation in the breathin system, causing you to cough Heart disease Serious illness connected with the heart which can lead to a heart attack Skin cancer/lung cancer/breast cancer Harmful tumours in those areas TB (tuberculosis) Infectious disease in the lungsCholera An intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking water Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Typhoid Fever, with red spots on the chast and abdomen Heart attack/f ailure When the heart fails Chapter 56 Hurt Gives pain caused by an injury Ache To suffer a usually dull persistant pain (the usual) aches and pains Often used to refer in a non-serious way to minor problems Cuts and bruises Can refer to minor injuries Stinging Sudden, burning pain Throbbing Beating with pain Stiff neck Pain and difficulty in moving your neck round Dizzy A feeling that you are spinning round and cant balance Feverish With a high temperature disgustful Feeling that you want to vomit Trembling Shaking Bunged up BlockedOff-colour/under the weather/ out of sorts Informal expressions that mean not well, but not seriously ill Alternative medicine Different from typical western systems * acupuncture * chripractic * herbal medicine Homeopathy Taking tiny amounts of natural substances to treat an illness Aromatherapy Using aromatic oils and massage Chapter 57 Clotting Forming a partly solid lump Dehydration Not having enough water in your body Ulcer Painful infected area on the skin or inside your body Side do Unwanted effects in addition to the intended one Stools Medical term for (formal) excrement or (informal, childish) pooh Symptom (methaphor) Often used when talking about problems in society Prognosis (methaphor) How experts expect it to develop Ailing (methaphor) One that has a lot of problems A rash of (methaphor) A number of similar things happening at the same time Fever (methaphor) Great excitementFever pitch (methaphor) A points of very high intensity jaundiced (methaphor) Unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experiences Carry the scars of/be scarred by (methaphor) be permanently affected by a negative experience Chapter 58 Cholesterol bufflehead substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals Plaque Unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries Offal Organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver) Excreted Got rid of from the body Fibre Substance in food tha t travels through the body as waste helping digestion Buffer Something (or someone) that helps protect from harm Gut Tubes that carry food from the stomachCardiovascular Affecting the heart and blood circulation Diabetics an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose because it does not produce enough insulin Glucose Sugar Insulin Hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body Pounds Measure of weight 1 pound (lb) = 454 grams Mood enhancer Hormone that makes you feel happier Sports and fitness metaphors Scored an own goal Made things worse rather than better Moving the goalposts Changing the rules Level playing field Fair situation In the running Seriously considerd Neck and neck Level with each other and equally likely to win Skate around Dont talk directly about Sailed through Passed very easily Also check Chapter 41 A 43 A + end B 44 A 48 C 49 A/B/C

Invasive Species Climate Change And Aquatic Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate accommodation and invasive species have been a disputing job in this planetary adaption. When many emphasiss act in synergy they whitethorn finally hold unexpected and irreversible effects for the endemic communities and also whitethorn impact economically valuable human activities such as piscaries in a peculiar part ( Ambrogi, 2007 ) . To avoid and minimise impact of invasive species, appropriate sensing and control should be find to accomplish optimal consequence, accept sing play of clime alteration. This paper attempt to give general overview of the consequence of clime alteration on invasive species, break uped with reexamining consequence of clime alteration on aquatic ecosystem, so specific to aquatic invasive species ( AIS ) peculiarly the consequence of altered thermic government, and eventually place steps to be taken. encroaching(a) species, clime alteration and aquatic ecosystemsAs defined in Executive Summary of the National Invasive Species Management Plan ( NISMP ) the term invasive species is a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under context and whose debut suit of clothess or is likely to do economic or environmental injury or injury to human wellness ( NISC, 2006 ) . Raaymakers ( 2007 ) has discover that homo has contributed in the procedure of species dispersal every bit long as they have sailed across the seas moreover, in modern times with kindleal development, exploit of big Marine construction, marine being attached to drifting marine dust, flight of species from fish tank, and ballast water supply and hull fouling of commercial transportation.Natural scientists similarly have determined that human activities have become dominant force in act uponing clime, greatly exceeds the influence by natural procedure such as volcanic eruption and solar alterations. Incoming solar radiation and out-going infrared ( thermic ) radiation that are portion of Earth s null balance are altered by nursery gases and aer oAsols. The overall consequence of human activities on clime has been a warmAing influence ( IPCC, 2007 ) .Ecosystem was influenced by clime in many ways some are more vulnerable and sensitive than other. Animal, workss and micro-organism lives are strongly attuned in clime, for illustration temperature fluctuation sum, timing or course of recklessness ( Committee, 2008 ) . In aquatic system, Rahel and olden ( 2008 ) province that warmer H2O temperatures, shorter continuance of ice screen, altered streamflow forms, attachd salinization, and increase demand for H2O repositing and conveyance constructions is projected as consequence of clime alteration. As an illustration, in congresswoman of US aquatic ecosystem, Poff, Brinson & A Day ( 2002 ) sum up several(prenominal) of import extremums sing possible impact of clime alteration, such as exposure of aquatic and wetland ecosystems to climate alteration, displacement in thermic suitableness of aquatic home grounds for occupant species by increasing of temperature, and negative effects caused by seasonal displacements in watercourse overflow. However, in their research, most specific ecological response to climate alteration can non be predicted because of new combinations of native and non native species moveion in fresh status.Climate alteration induced on ecosystem conditions besides can enable spread of invasive species through both range enlargement and creative activity of home grounds and conditions suited for impertinently introduced invasive species. Research on clime alteration and invasive species is limited nevertheless, many surveies on possible climate-change impacts to aquatic systems and AIS exist ( US-EPA, 2008 ) .Consequence of clime alteration on aquatic invasive speciesAIS can do broad scope of ecological impacts, including loss of native biodiversity, altered home grounds, alterations in H2O chemical substance science, altered biogeochemical procedures, hydrological alterations, a nd altered nutrient webs ( US-EPA, 2008 ) .Gritti in Hellmann ( 2008 ) noted that due to its pervasiveness and possible consequence on cardinal biological procedure, clime alteration bequeath interact with other bing stressor to impact distribution, spread, copiousness and impact of invasive species.Altered conditions such as increased atmospheric C dioxide, modified precipitation governments, warming nautical and coastal currents, increased ambient temperature, and altered nitrogen distribution can increase invasive species success in some contexts. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation governments are likely to hold larger effects on AIS than increasing degrees of C dioxide ( US-EPA, 2008 ) .In general, figure 1 shows classification of aquatic system features that will be altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact invasive species.Figure 1. Features of aquatic system that will altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact inv asive species ( Rahel, 2008 )As identified by several researches mentioned supra, there are many altered status which perchance influence AIS nevertheless, this paper will merely concentrate to reexamine the consequence on AIS by altered thermic government.Consequence of altered thermic government on aquatic invasive speciesSince most aquatic beings are poikilothermic, temperature is of import in their physiology, bionenergetics, behaviour, and biogeography. Warmer clime will spread out the geographic countries with suited temperatures for warmwater aquaculture, tropic fish civilization, and out-of-door H2O gardens ( Rahel, 2008 ) . For illustration, McCauley in Rahel ( 2008 ) identified that optimum temperatures for aquaculture of mudcat are projected to travel 240 km northerly in the southeasterly US for every 1iC addition in average one-year air temperature.Change in likeliness of invasive species that will be established besides caused by H2O temperatures warmwith climate alte ration. Fish are frequently classified into thermic clubs based on temperature tolerance. Coldwater temperatures can be viewed as a slobber that prevents warmwater-adapted species from set uping self-sufficient populations. This filter is decreasing, and warmwater species could distribute to new countries ( Rahel, 2008 ) .Warming H2O temperatures may besides do thermic lake stratification governments, ensuing in introductory commixture and phytoplankton blooms that may change zooplankton development. Changes to timing of zooplankton reproduction and/or copiousness could prefer certain species over others and have possible negative effects for aquatic ecosystems ( Winder in US-EPA, 2008 ) .Furthermore, Rahel ( 2008 ) province that altered thermic governments could intercede the impacts of established non-native species on native species through displacements in competitory laterality between native and nonnative species, increased wasting disease of native quarry species by non-n ative marauders, or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. Water temperature raise their nutrient ingestion rate until thermally nerve-racking conditions are reached. This status could amplify impacts of non-native marauders on native quarry species. Marcogliese in Rahel ( 2008 ) besides conclude that clime heating may increase virulency of nonnative parasites and pathogens to native species through leting disease beings finishing their life rhythm more quickly and achieve higher population densenesss. other consequence of warming temperatures may be an addition in figure of sexual versus nonsexual generative periods for works species, ensuing in increased grade of spread. Diaz-Amela in US-EPA ( 2008 ) associated the blossoming rhythms of a Mediterranean seagrass to warming H2O temperatures.Rahel ( 2008 ) examined that most researcher focal point on how climate alteration will increase figure and badness of invasions. However, in specific instance, positive c onsequence in diminishing AIS besides exist for illustration, some invasive coldwater species may be unable(p) to prevail under new clime conditions.However, since clime alteration has high gap to alter ecosystems, the influence of clime alteration should be taking into servant in finding sensing and control steps to pull off the menaces.MeasuresThere are several steps sing Invasive species. It should be start with national scheme and supported by international co-operation. Then, early sensing and schemes for obliteration, containment, control and extenuation through mechanical, biological and chemical method should be actual ( GISP, 2001 ) .Sing clime alteration influence, supervising study can supply foundation for measuring combine effects of clime alteration and invasion by supplying baseline biotic and environmental status, though public-service corporation of a study depends whether the consequence are quantitative or qualitative, and other design consideration ( Lee, 20 08 ) .Although clime alteration is planetary graduated table procedure, it has diverse regional manifestation. Ecological impact normally has local features and varies from topographic point to topographic point ( Committee, 2008 ) . To forestall farther effect that might be occurred, more research in each specific location should be conducted to explicate steps that can be taken sing this mater.There are several ongoing control plans for AIS that besides should be review related to climate alteration. For illustration, in instance of mechanical harvest home and weedkillers which used to command Eurasiatic watermilfoil in the littoral zone of lakes, and scouring or molluscicides which used to forestall clogging of H2O intake pipes by zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes, warmer H2O temperatures could let these and other invasive species to get down growing earlier in the yr and maintain growing subsequently into the autumn. Therefore, dearly-won control actions would necessi tate to be implemented more often. Review besides have to be done for migration barricade building or step with cut downing solar input into watercourses by increasing shadowing from riparian flora ( Rahel, 2008 ) .DecisionHuman has contributed in doing clime alteration and AIS job. Measures have been developing to get the better of economic, environment and human wellness job caused by AIS. Since clime alteration has high possibility to alter ecosystem, it is an of import thing to see influence of clime alteration in pull offing hazard of AIS. Specifically, altered thermic government cause by clime alteration has altered pathway, change the likeliness of AIS constitution and switch competitory laterality between native and nonnative species or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. Therefore, these alterations should be integrated in schemes for sensing, obliteration, containment, control and extenuation of AIS.

Integrating Culture and Diversity in Decision Making Essay

1. Provide a brief (1 paragraph) description of the organization you chose to research. Zappos was founded in 1999 during the dotcom boom by Nick Swinmurn (Twitchell, 2009) on a quest to buy a pair of sneakers at a local mall. It has grown in to a 1.2 billion dollar subsidiary of Amazon.com and a leading on-line provider of everything from shoes to couture handbags. They have applye this with a simple motto Powered by Service. Providing all of their customers with free (sometimes next day) shipping and returns, Zappos has invested in the power of word of mouth to fuel their business. 2. Examine the agriculture of the selected organization.Retail doesnt depend to be the only thing that Zappos has gotten right, however. Beyond growing from a small, upstart fellowship to a 1 billion dollar behemoth, Zappos prides itself on the culture it has created and invests in for its employees. Unlike some companies that guard their employee credos and internal culture (Apple comes to mind), Zappos promotes theirs for any would-be customer to see. Multiple railroad ties on their website lead to testimonials, blogs and YouTube videos providing a backside the scenes look at exactly what its like to work for this Once Upon a Time shoe company. Current CEO Tony Hsieh said in 2009 plot of ground celebrating the companys 10th anniversary that Our No. 1 priority is the company culture. Our whole belief is that if we get the culture right, then everything else, including the customer service, result fall into place, (Twitchell, 2009) and indeed that thought processes seems embedded in the companys Core Values which are posted on its website under a link labeled Our Unique Culture. 3. Explain how you determined that the selected organization showed the signs of the culture that you have identified. Zappos company culture seems to pride itself on creating a world-class reckon non respectable for its customers, but for its employees as well.Both the external adaptation (d ay to day tasks) and internal integration (employees ability to live and work together) have been turn to in exactly the same way. Zappos seems to suggest that the way they treat their external customers as a company and the way their internal customers treat to each one early(a) are not varied. In each of the videos posted on their company blog, employees regard their Core Values as both the way they guide their interactions with customers and with each other. Though subcultures do seem to exist (based simply on the variety of employee groups with blogs on their website), Zappos has taken great strides through rituals like their Wishez program to keep those preposterous subcultures from becoming countercultures that work against the common goals of the company. Indeed, relationships within these subcultures seem particularly strong. In one video describing the Wishez program and the way it bonds other departments together, employees seem to indicate that without it they facult y have never interacted in the first place.This seems to lend itself to Barker and Tompkins theory that employees maintain a tendency to identify more strongly with their individual work teams than with the company as a whole. (Schrodt, 2002) In one video, an employee identifies that she has hired a marching band to come and play Happy Birthday for another employees fortieth birthday because he had teased when she turned 40. They work in the same department. By forging such strong relationships between employees, members of Zappos are encouraged to stick with similar relationships with their customers. One web page boasts that the longest recorded customer service call to Zappos (lines which are open 24/7) was eight hours long. Additionally, during Holiday months, customers capability even encounter CEO Tony Hsieh on the customer service lines. 4. Determine the factors that caused the organization to embody this particular culture.This dedication towards customer service that th e Zappos culture seems to be based around is what has allowed Zappos to survive where other dotcoms had failed. In his book The Greatest Business Decisions of All Time, Verne Harnish lists Zappos decisions to offer free shipping and returns as particularly profound. He says (among the other decisions that he lists) that they stood out from others because they were counterintuitive they went against the grain of popular practice. (Gringarten, 2012) Without this richly customer focused culture, Zappos as a dirt might never have existed. Indeed, it continues to promote its customer focus and nothing else. While we might think of Zappos as a shoe company, Zappos seems to think of Zappos as a customer service company that happens to sell shoes. 5. Determine what type of leader would be outmatch suited for this organization. Support your position.This kind of energy takes a particular type of leader to induce. Each video on their company website that mentions CEO Tony Hsieh mentions his name with some sort of revere suggesting that this type of culture is best suited for a charismatic leader. According to Schermerhorn, charismatic leaders by force of their personal abilities, are capable of having a profound and extraordinary arrange on followers. (Schermerhorn, 2000) Hsieh gives seminars in which he instructs other companies on how they can adopt the Zappos culture to their own businesses.He believes very strongly in the culture that Zappos has created. 6. Imagine that there is a decline in the demand of product(s) or services supplied by the selected organization. Determine what the change in culture would need to be in response to this situation. The intense success that Zappos has enjoyed in such a short amount of time and the growth of their business from simply shoes to just about anything else seems to suggest that even if tomorrow people needed one less pair of shoes, the corporate culture of Zappos as a company would not need to be adjusted. By focu sing on internal culture (employees) and external culture (customer) first, Zappos has answered the question of how to sell rather than what to sell. Their purpose implies that people dont just need shoes what they want is a different way to buy them.BibliographyGringarten, H. (2012). The Greatest Business Decisions of all Time. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research , 95.Schermerhorn, J. R. (2000). organizational Behavior . New York Wiley.Schrodt, P. (2002). The relationship between organizational identification and organizational culture employee perceptions of culture and identification in a retail sales organization. colloquy Studies , 189.Twitchell, J. (2009, June 16). From Upstart To $1 Billion Behemoth, Zappos Marks 10 Years. Retrieved from LasVegas Sun

Philippine Customs History Essay

Historical records show that the Philippine usage value started many centuries back long before the Philippines was discovered by the eastern and western sandwich expeditionaries. The Philippines had already a flourishing trade with countries of Southeast Asia, but since money at that time was not yet the medium of exchange, people then resorted to the exchange system of commodities. The rulers of the barangays were know as the datus or rajahs collected tributes from the people before they were allowed to engage in their trade.The practice of collecting tributes became part of their culture and was then sight and followed as the Customs honor of the Land.The Spanish RegimeAfter Spain had taken full examine of almost all the trades of the country, it passed three important statutes 1.Spanish Customs legality which was similar to that of the Indies enforced in the country from 1582 to 1828. It was a concept of ad valorem levied on import and export. 2.A Tariff Board was establi shed which drew up a tariff of fixed values for all imported articles on which ten percent (10%) ad valorem duty was uniformly collected. 3.Another Tariff Law was introduced in 1891, which established the specific duties on all imports and on certain exports and this lasted till the end of the Spanish rule in the Philippines.The American RegimeWhen the Americans came to the Philippines, the Military Government move to enforce the Spanish Tariff formula of 1891, which remained in nub until the Philippine Commission enacted the Tariff edict Law of 1901. On October 24, 1900, the Philippine Commission passed profess no(prenominal) 33 abolishing and changing the position of headmaster of the port wine to Collector of Customs in all ports of entry except the fashion of Manila. The designation of the Captain of the Port in the Port of Manila was retained. When the Civil Government was established in the Philippines, the most important righteousnesss passed by the Philippine Commis sion were the following 1.Tariff Revision Law of 1902 based on the theory that the laws of Spain were not as comprehensive as the American Customs Laws to conform with the existing conditions of the country.2.Philippine Administrative Act zero(prenominal) 355 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6, 1902. The full implementation of this Act, however, was considered inadequate and incomplete, so the Customs Service Act no 355, called the Philippine Customs Service Act was passed to amend the previous laws. After several modifications and amendments, the Philippine Customs Service finally became a practical counterpart of the American Customs Service. 3.Act no(prenominal) 357 reorganized the Philippine Customs Service and functionaryly designated the Insular Collector of Customs as Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila.4.Act nary(prenominal) 625 abolished the Captain of the Port for the Port of Manila. 5.Public Act No. 430 transformed the Philippine Customs Service to a Bureau of Customs and Immigration to a lower place the direction and control of the section of Finance and Justice. When the Department of Justice became a separate office from the Department of Finance, te Customs Service remained under the umbrella of the latter which set-up remained up to this time.The dry land GovernmentAfter the Commonwealth Government was established in the country, the Philippine Legislature enacted Commonwealth Act No. 613 forming the Bureau of Immigration as a separate office from the Bureau of Customs. On May 1, 1947, the Bureau of Customs has as its head the Insular Collector of Customs. He was assisted by the substitute Insular Collector of Customs. Both officials were concurrently Collector of Customs and the Deputy Collector of Customs of the Port of Manila. The republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila.The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. In 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines. This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, became the first official smell of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the passage of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States enjoyed full exemptions consistent to the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was pick out by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines.The RepublicPursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offic es and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. I n 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines. This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, became the first official expression of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the passage of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States enjoyed full exemptions pursuant to the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was adopted by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines.The Reorganization of the Bureau of CustomsOn February 4, 1965, the Bureau of Customs was reorganized pursuant to Customs Administrative Order No. 4-65 by authority if Sec. 550 & 551 of the Revised Administrative Code of Republic Act 4164. During the reorganization, offices under the direct supervision and control of the Commissioner were elevated to Department Level with ranks higher than Division Level. These Departments were the following Public Relations, Personnel, Legal, Administrative Service, Budget and Finance, and the Management Improvement. Likewise, three (3) ranking Customs positions were created, namely accessory Commissioner for Revenue, Assistant Commissioner for Security, and Director for Operations. Later, Customs Administrative Order No. 4065 was amended abolishing the position of Assistant Commissioner for Security and creating the position of Director for Administration. In 1972, Congress passed the law revising the Tariff & Customs Code of the Philippines.However, before it can be implemented, the President of the Republic of the Philippines issued Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 de claring Martial Law in the country. On October 27, 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed presidential Decree No. 34 amending the Tariff & Customs Code of the Philippines. The new Code took effect on November 26, 1972 except for Section 104 thereof which became effective only on January 1, 1973. Another reorganization of the Bureau of Customs took effect on September 24, 1972, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1 creating six (6) Customs Services under the Office of the Commissioner and creating jurisdictional limits of twelve (12) collection districts with the Principal Ports and Sub-ports of entry under the supervision and control of the Collector of the Principal Port of Entry.As a result of this reorganization, the designation of heads of different services was called Customs Service Chiefs, and heads of offices with rank of division were designated Customs Operations Chiefs and the Head of the National Customs Police as Director. It was in this reorganizational set-up that the Directors for Administration and Operations, and the Assistant Commissioner for Revenue were abolished. In 1975, the Bureau undertook another reorganization under Presidential Decree No. 689 and the result is what you see now in the Organization Chart, except for some slight changes and modifications. On June 11, 1978, the Tariff & Customs Code was further amended, modified and supplemented by new positions to make it a responsive code in keeping with the developmental programs of the New Society.The new Code was substantiate in Presidential Decree No. 1464. With the accession of the Philippines to the Customs Co-Operation Council (CCC), the Tariff & Customs Code has to be revised anew in order to adjust our tariff system with the CCC Nomenclature, and the result is the presently enforced Tariff & Customs Code of 1982, revised by virtue of Executive Order No. 688. This new Code also assimilated various amendments to the Customs Code under P.D. 1628 & 1980 as well as reprints of the tariff concessions under the General Agreement on Tariff Multilateral Agreement Negotiations as provided in Executive Order No. 578, series of 1980, and the tariff concessions granted to ASEAN member countries as embodied in various Executive Orders from 1978 to 1981.The last major reorganization of the Bureau took place in 1986 after the EDSA Revolution with the issuance of Executive Order No. 127 which spread out the organization umbrella of the Central Office by providing offices that will monitor and coordinate assessment and operations of the Bureau and provided for a staff of about 5,500 springer personnel. The implementation of the computerization program also necessitated the creation of a new Group to ensure its continuous development and progress. The creation of the Management Information body and Technology Group (MISTG) under a new Deputy Commissioner with 92 positions was authorized under Executive Order No. 463 dated January 9, 1998.