Political Language Essay Example for Free

Political Language Essay Language is the life blood of politics. Political power struggles, and the legitimisation of political policies and authorities occurs primarily through discourse and verbal representations. Power can either be exercised through coercion or what US commentator Walter Lippman termed in the 1930s the manufacture of consent. Largely unable, and hopefully unwilling, to coerce; political authorities in so called democratic polities often need to manufacture consent in order to undertake their agendas. While this most obviously concerns relations between a government and its wider public, this process has profound effects on the workings inside governments and is an important aspect of socialisation into governmental work cultures. Put simply the manufacture of consent is a language based process of ideological indoctrination. While being astonishingly comprehensive, it is a remarkably subtle process. Discourse carries the very assumptions under which the things it alludes to are known and ordered in the context in which it is used. In concrete terms this means that the content of political language contains the very rationale by which it is to be framed, defined, understood and acted upon. Commonly this produces the manufacture of consent. Political language, as Michael Geis points out in The Language of Politics, conveys both the linguistic meaning of what is said and the corpus, or a part of it, of the political beliefs underpinning any given statement (p7). Whether circulating inside or outside governments this means that political discourse transmits and unconsciously reinforces the ideological foundations and the ways of knowing of the dominant political authorities. Applied to government agencies this means that the language of its official texts contains the means by which things are known and understood within these agencies. This means that official documents are shaped according to the way in which things are known and understood in the context in which they are primarily employed. What is included, excluded and how the document is structured is largely determined by these methods of knowing, understanding, and what these are ideologically deemed to encompass. None of this is to necessarily say that the contents of a document are untrue. In the case of Randolf Pauls report nothing alleged in it has been refuted. However its structure reflects the prizing of particular modes of linear rational thought, empiricism, and ideas of objectivity characteristic of the US bureaucracy. What he represented may well have been far less straightforward than how he presented it. The events Paul portrayed may well have included other significant happenings that were not included because they were either not recognised as such within the knowledge structures of the US bureaucracy, or because they may have contentiously reflected unfavourably on the ideological principles underlying the US government. On the flip side official documents can be used to identify the ideological principles of a government agency and the political authorities it represents. Where there is conflict in political discourse, there is conflict about the ideological and philosophical assumptions underlying political authority. Official texts, and their structures should be analysed to uncover the assumptions of knowledge and ideology at the foundations of the authority producing the text. According to Foucault, the most useful question in such an analysis is something along the lines of how is it that one particular statement appeared instead of another statement . Further reading : Burton, F., Carlen, P. , Official Discourse : On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology, and the State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979. Fairclough, N. , Language and Power, Longman, London, 1989. Foucault, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith, Pantheon Books, New York, 1972. Geis, M. , The Language of Politics, Spring Verlag, New York, 1987. HOME DOCUMENT http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/Callous%20Bystanders/language. html v.

Land Surveying :: Geography

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law. Historically, distances were measured using a variety of means, such as chains with links of a known length, for instance a Gunter's chain or measuring tapes made of steel or invar. In order to measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes would be pulled taut according to temperature, to reduce sagging and slack. Additionally, attempts to hold the measuring instrument level would be made. In instances of measuring up a slope, the surveyor might have to "break" (break chain) the measurement- that is, raise the rear part of the tape upward, plumb from where the last measurement ended. Historically, horizontal angles were measured using a compass, which would provide a magnetic bearing, from which deflections could be measured. This type of instrument was later improved upon, through more carefully scribed discs providing better angular resolution, as well as through mounting telescopes with reticles for more precise sighting atop the disc. Additionally, levels and calibrated circles allowing measurement of vertical angles were added, along with venires for measurement down to a fraction of a degree- such as a turn-of-the-century transit. The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeter using air pressure as an indication of height. But for surveying more precision is needed. Toward this end, a variety of means, such as precise levels, have been developed. Levels are calibrated to provide a precise plane from which differentials in height between the instrument and the point in question can be measured, typically through the use of a vertical measuring rod. As late as the 1990s the basic tools used in planar surveying were a tape measure for determining shorter distances, a level for determines height or elevation differences, and a theodolite, set on a tripod, with which one can measure angles, combined with triangulation. Starting from a position with known location and elevation, the distance and angles to the unknown point are measured. A more modern instrument is a total station, which is a theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device and can also be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane.

Signs of Understanding

For the past centuries, deaf people or those hard of hearing were the only ones who used sign language to communicate their thoughts and feelings. People with perfect hearing like Joseph Garcia, a certified interpreter, were mostly interested in learning this kind of language only in reference to the hearing handicapped. However, with his involvement in the deaf community, he soon noticed that babies born of deaf parents tended to develop speaking language abilities faster than children with parents who had no handicap did. Puzzled by his observations, he decided to pursue the topic for his 1986 graduate thesis. With the cooperation of 17 families, he found out that consistently exposing babies to signs can make them learn these gestures by their eight or ninth month. Since then, Garcia has been a principal researcher for 109 studies and has developed programs, books and other materials that implement his findings. (â€Å"About Joseph Garcia† par. 1-3) During the same period, Linda Acredolo also realized that there is a possible connection between signs and early child development as her daughter’s reaction to the fish while they were in her pediatrician’s office intrigued her. Her child, Katie, went to the fish tank and started to blow towards the fish. When they went home, Linda had to put Katie back in her crib and activate her fish mobile with a gentle blow. It was then that she remembered her daughter’s gestures in the doctor’s clinic. Armed with this realization, the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development granted Linda Acredolo and her partner, Susan Goodwyn, funding to conduct a study on the impact of symbolic gesturing on babies. (Haussman par. 4-5) The study was composed of 103 eleven-month old infants divided into two groups and reassessed on their 15th, 19th, 24th, 30th and 36th months. One control group knew nothing about using symbolic gestures while the other group of parents taught the infants how to use signs.   The results showed that the babies who learned symbolic gestures had a great advantage on the â€Å"vast majority of the language acquisition measures.† (Goodwyn, Acredolo & Brown 81) The initial researches made by Garcia, Acredolo and Goodwyn are the basis of popular programs now being conducted that help babies acquire better speaking abilities and aid parents in understanding their children. Learning to speak is a very important aspect of child development.   Here are some milestones that indicate the proper language development of children. According to the Child Development Institute, at the age of 6 months, babies normally do vocalization with intonation and can respond to name call outs.   Infants, at this point, should also be able to turn their heads or eyes toward human voices even without being distracted with gestures and show appropriate reaction to friendly or angry tones. At 12 months of age, a baby can use fragments of a word or words with correct meaning and understand simple instructions with vocal or physical hints. By this time, the one-year old baby can practice adding prefixes or suffixes to words and can be aware of the importance of social value in connection to speaking. By the time the child reaches 18 months of age, his or her vocabulary may contain 5 to 20 words composed mostly of nouns. These babies tend to make repetitions of a word or phrase with much jargon and emotional content.   It is also at this point when babies learn to follow basic commands. By the age of two, toddlers can typically name objects that are familiar to him and use this with about two prepositions like â€Å"in,† â€Å"on† or â€Å"under.† The children also start using short sentences composed of 1 to 2 words and 2/3 of their babble are understandable. Their vocabulary expands to 150 to 300 words and can use at least 2 pronouns interchangeably (ex. You and I). Toddlers of this age have poor rhythm and fluency while voice and pitch control are not yet to be controlled. However, this stage is also where most parents begin to teach their children response to commands like â€Å"show me the light (your eyes, nose, etc.).† By three years of age, children are expected to use the pronouns, â€Å"I,† â€Å"You† and â€Å"Me† properly and understand plurals and past tenses. The prepositions â€Å"in,† â€Å"on† and â€Å"under† are common in making three word sentences. Their vocabulary may expand from 900 to 1000 words and 90 percent of spoken words are already understandable. Three year olds can also comprehend basic queries regarding their surroundings can associate experiences with reason. Identification of own sex, name and age is also common to children of this age. The basis for language development also has something to do with a baby’s physical growth. According to a research made by Melanie Canault and her colleagues in 2007, children realize how to control their respiration and its phonation first by learning how to open and close the vocal tract in continuous rhythm during vocal emissions. However, productions of these sounds are still under the influence of strong physiological constrains. Although many children are ready to learn verbalization before 12 months old, most have yet to acquire the fine motor skill they need to create words using their mouths. (Taylor B1) Since most parents believe that their babies’ language development starts with the first words uttered by infants, it will seem that there is little way to help babies communicate their needs until an appropriate physical development stage. However, researchers traced that verbal language begins with comprehension of â€Å"arbitrary symbols to stand for real-world phenomena.† (Goodwyn, Acredolo & Brown 82) Baby sign language, according to numerous researches, can hasten a child’s achievement of the milestones presented above. Many studies have sprung from the original researches done by Garcia, Acredolo and Goodwyn.   In 1997, Kimberlee Whaley, coordinator of the laboratory school and an associate professor of human development and family science at Ohio State's College of Human Ecology, and her colleagues in Ohio State's A. Sophie Rogers Infant-Toddler Laboratory School started a program to help the babies in their care communicate their thoughts through sign language. Teachers were looking for some way to teach their conflicting one-year old students another physical gesture that would indicate their displeasure instead of pushing each other. They realized that if sign language can help children with special disabilities communicate, it can also aid with babies who have yet to learn speech. One of the teachers was already knowledgeable in American Sign Language and taught the other caregivers on how to use certain gestures for their small experiment. The signs were used while the teachers spoke to the children so that the babies will learn it naturally. The results show that the first words that children learn to verbalize are those that can be associated to the signs and that as these babies learned to use speech more fluently, their use of signs diminish. It also lessened the frustration of both children and teachers because instead of crying the very young students are able to gesture what they need lessening the stress in the environment.   Parents also learned the sign languages and pleased by it. Another research report made by Jana M. Iverson and Susan Goldin-Meadow strengthens the contention that gestures can hasten language development when they studied ten children who were learning to develop their abilities from single words to two-word combinations. They found out that the children first learned to make gestures before they could verbally pronounce the words. Another fact they established was that those who learned to make a gesture and associate it to word combinations first (example: pointing to a bird and saying the word â€Å"nap†) were the ones who initially verbalized two-word combinations like bird nap.   They concluded that gesture not only predates but also predicts changes in language meaning gesture can really pave the way to better language development. Many speech pathologists and parents are attesting to the benefits of baby sign language on families with normal hearing children. Babies who learn symbolic gestures are able to speak earlier than non-signers (as attested by the researches mentioned), experience less frustration (evidenced usually by less crying), develop larger vocabularies, become better readers and develop IQs that are at least 10 to 12 points higher. (Ryan par. 5) Although more research must be done to understand why babies who learn sign language develop verbal skills ahead of those who do not, the results of previous studies on the benefits of symbolic gestures already prove this phenomenon. Tantrum spells usually erupt because of frustration.   Babies between 9 to 30 months old usually get frustrated because they are not able to communicate their need well.   Dr. Alan Greene (par. 1-3) explains that the ideas of these babies, â€Å"far outstrip their language skills†¦ because large muscle coordination is learned before small muscle coordination – at about the same time kids want to express themselves.† Dr. Greene therefore recommends that parents teach their children sign language because hand and head movement is easier than manipulating the mouth and this form of language bridges the communication gap that results to less frustration. Many researchers also claim that vocabulary is deeply enhanced by baby sign language and has positive effects on IQs. The basic theory is that because children are better understood, they gain more self-confidence in learning. A baby can learn a great deal when he feels important, which not only creates a â€Å"more confident person, but a more confident communicator. (Murkoff, 2003 cited in Haskin par.4)   Dr. Marilyn Daniels, associate professor of speech communication at Penn State’s Worthington Scranton Campus, believes that â€Å"knowing a second language, such as ASL (American Sign Language), also boosts self-esteem of the children.† (Fong, par. 2) There are two ways to teach babies how to sign. The first way is based on the research of   Joseph Garcia who believes that ASL is the best tool to teach children how to sign. The second stream of learning is based on Acredolo’s research that uses any symbolic gestures that may be comfortable for both parents and their children. However, these schools of thought both believe in simplicity, consistency and the proper ages to start learning. Parents or care givers can start teaching signs to babies as young as six to nine months old. It is expected that a month may pass before the child uses the sign on his own. Caregivers need to begin with simple words that are basic to the child.   Words like â€Å"eat,† â€Å"milk,† and â€Å"drink† are great for starters. People teaching the language must also be patient in giving only a few words to the babies to start with so as not to overwhelm the child. One of the most important rules in teaching symbolic gestures is that the teacher must have the baby’s complete attention. Distractions will inhibit learning anything at all. The proper selection of words is also important.   Basic one-syllable words (preferably verbs and nouns) are the best choices. Some parents prefer to teach their children words that are more practical to their daily routines but there are those who choose words based on what generates more excitement for their child. Words like â€Å"bird,† â€Å"light,† and â€Å"foot† may be of more interest to a child and parents are given the freedom to choose their vocabulary starter. It is also recommended that the teacher say the words aloud while doing the gesture.   This will hasten speech development.   If the gesture refers to an object, it would be advisable to show the child the object while doing its associated sign.   The teacher, for example, can verbalize and make the sign for â€Å"book† before reaching for it and repeat the same cycle while holding the book. Before putting the book back, the teacher must also do the cycle again. This will teach the child to connect the object to the sign. An additional tip to say the word clearly and slowly. Consistency is the key to success. The person teaching the child to sign must take every chance to repeat the gesture when appropriate. The signs need to be part of a daily routine.   It takes a lot of repetition for the child to develop recognition. It is also advisable that the people with whom the child communicates regularly know the signs and are coordinated in their efforts to avoid confusion. Many people attest that their families have fun having their own set of symbolic language because it fosters camaraderie among them and strengthens their bonds toward each other. From the experiences of other parents and caregivers, it is noted that babies will not be able to completely copy a sign during his or her first attempts to show it.   Some children take months to learn the system but parents attest that it is worth it. It would be worthwhile to pay close attention to the baby’s hand movements at the start to know if he or she is already attempting to imitate the signs.   It may look uncoordinated at first but constant practice will refine the movements. Once an infant learns the first gestures, he or she can be taught additional words.   It is not unusual for a child to learn about 40 to 60 words in sign language before he is physically prepared to talk. (Williams 2007) Speech therapists have been using sign language to hasten verbal communication in children who seem to have delayed developments in this area. According to Jennifer Fusco, a speech pathologist, â€Å"When a child begins to use signs, and we respond to the signs as if they used a spoken word, the communication cycle begins.† It is therefore logical for some speech therapists to advocate baby sign language because it can aid in developing verbal abilities of children. However, there are also those who oppose too much focus on the system citing that they know of a mother who decided â€Å"to focus entirely on teaching baby sign and to ignore vocalisations has actually retarded her son's spoken language development.† (Grove, Herman, Morgan ; Woll par. 10) These therapists also believe that too much concentration on baby sign language may hamper speech development because other means of communication are ignored. Research has properly shown that baby sign language can be very helpful to a child’s language and intellectual development.   It boosts self-esteem and confidence in learning which aids in better IQ attainment.   Even if it does not achieve the things mentioned, it is still worth using as a tool for better communication because it fosters better family ties and less stressful moments for both parents and children. Works Cited â€Å"About Joseph Garcia.† Sign2Me.com. 29 November 2007 Canault, Melanie, Rafael Laboissierre, Pascal Perrier and Rudolph Sock. â€Å"The Development of Tongue Gestures at the Babbling Stage.† 29 November 2007 Child Development Institute. â€Å"Language Development In Children.† 29 November 2007 ;http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development.shtml;. Fong, Vicki. â€Å"Sign Language Enriches Learning For Hearing Children.† 20 November 2001. PennStateNews. 29 November 2007 ;http://www.psu.edu/ur/2001/signlanguage.html;. Fusco, Jennifer. â€Å"American Sign Language.† Speech Delay.com. 29 November 2007 Goodwyn, Susan, Linda Acredolo and Catherine Brown. â€Å"Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development.† Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 24.2 (2000):21-103. Greene, Alan. â€Å"Baby Sign Language.† 30 July 1999. drgreene.com. 29 November 2007 ; http://www.drgreene.com/21_17.html;. Grove, Nicola, Ros Herman, Gary Morgan and Bencie Woll. â€Å"Baby signing: the view from the skeptics.† 29 November 2007 Haskin, Doug. â€Å"Advantages in Signing with Babies.† 10 November 2006. Lifeprint.com. 29 November 2007 ;http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/babysigning2.htm;. Haussman, Penny. Baby Sign Language†¦Not Just For Babies Anymore! TinyTalking   Ã‚   Hands.com. 29 November 2007 Iverson, Jana M. and Susan Goldin-Meadow. â€Å"Gesture Paves the Way for Language Development.† Psychological Science. Vol. 16.5 (2005): 367-371. Ryan, Diane. â€Å"Extraordinary Benefits Result when you Teach Sign Language To Your Hearing Baby.† theparentsite.com. 29 November 2007 ;http://theparentsite.com/parenting/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   signbaby.asp;. Taylor, Lewis. â€Å"Say It In Signs.† The Register-Guard. 02 July 2007: B1. Waley, Khimberlee. â€Å"Teaching Infants to Use Sign Language.† Newswise. 29 November 2007 ;http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/?id=SIGNLANG.OSU;. Williams, MJ. â€Å"Teaching Babies Sign Language.† babies-and-sign-language.com. 29 November 2007 ;http://www.babies-and-sign-language.com/baby-signs-teaching-infant.html;.

Te The Drink That Changed The World - 1719 Words

According to Laura C. Martin, in the book, â€Å"Tea: the Drink that changed the World,† tea is an aromatic beverage widely consumed around the world. The beverage is prepared by pouring boiling water over Camellia Sinensis leaves, the major tealeaves. The leaves grow in different areas in Asia, but most notably in Chian and India (Martin, 2007). There are a variety of tea flavors. For example, Darjeeeling and Chinese green tea have a bitter flavor, while other teas have sweet, grassy or floral flavor (Teavana, 2015). The Historian John Griffiths explains that upon the European colonization of North America, the colonizers introduced tea to the colonies (Griffiths, 2007). He continues that tea appealed to all classes and has easily adapted to†¦show more content†¦All of a sudden, a light breeze caused little leaves to fall into the water. The emperor tasted the water and found it delicious (Higgins Burke, 2014). Tea became an essential beverage in China. While the s tory of tea indicates that tea was introduced from Ancient China, tea has been a crucial trade product that travelled through centuries to reach almost every corner in the world. Higgins and Burke argue that from China to North American, tea developed to new variations, flavors, uses, production methods, and equipment. Also, tea rituals have developed and taken a significant place in local cultures (Higgins Burke, 2014). Tea in the United States: According to the article, â€Å"About American Tea culture,† every time tea is introduced to a new country, it implicates and mutates to a new â€Å"tea culture† that deeply influences the society (bonteavant, 2012). Tea is probably the only beverage that spurs dramatic change in the societies to which it is introduced providing propulsion for poetry, meditation, civil disobedience, economic shifts, social and spiritual rituals. Also, tea has greatly been valued as a medicine or even used as currency or as food (Bonteavant, 2012). The article mentions how tea has enhanced American economy as well as the social and physical health of the society

David Foster Wallace s Kenyon Commencement Address

In David Foster Wallace’s Kenyon Commencement Address, he uses this question, â€Å"What is water?† to illustrate to the graduates that some of the most obvious realities are hardest to see. Wallace uses this question to draw attention to his main purposes, how we choose to think about and see the world around us and simple awareness. Wallace argues that the world has become self-centered and tries to show us that an education is about more than just the knowledge gained, but about the awareness and being well-adjusted that helps you find your purpose in life. The way he presents the purpose of his paper in the form of relatable anecdotes instead of lecturing at the graduates, keeps them engaged and familiar with what he is saying. He is effective in making his speech easy to relate to and understand through his use of anecdotes, tone, emotional appeals and word choice. He is able to appeal to ethos by making the graduates think about how they go about living their everyday life. By giving them a personal example of how he used tom or sometimes still does, think, they can see that they are not alone in how they see the world. â€Å"This is not a matter of virtue. It’s a matter of my choosing to do the work of somehow altering or getting free of my natural, hard-wired default setting which is to be deeply and literally self-centered and to see and interpret everything through this lens of self.† He uses the self-centeredness of society to demonstrate that he was able to changeShow MoreRelatedFree Choice Of The Will By David Foster Wallace1899 Words   |  8 Pagesfocus to and choose what we worship. Augustine in the book On Free Choice of the Will, writes about the different types of goods and how are decisions are based on desire of those goods. David Foster Wallace also focuses on our decisions being based on what we worship in t he â€Å"Kenyon College Commencement Address†. A fulfilling and happy life is only achieved by making the right decisions, which is achieve by putting priority on the right desires. Augustine in the book On Free Choice of the Will,Read MoreFree Choice Of The Will By David Foster Wallace1873 Words   |  8 Pagesfocus on and choose what we worship. Augustine in the book On Free Choice of the Will, writes about the different types of goods and how are decisions are based on desire of those goods. David Foster Wallace also focuses on our decisions being based on what we worship in the â€Å"Kenyon College Commencement Address†. A fulfilling and happy life is only achieved by making the right decisions, which is achieved by putting a priority on the right desires. Augustine in the book On Free Choice of the WillRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagestheir wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since you

Genocide during the Bosnian War - 1086 Words

Raphael Lemkin described genocide as acts of barbarism that should be outlawed, even in times of war. Lemkin is right. Genocide is a cruel vicious act that I do not wish upon my greatest enemies. It is torture and death. A lot of people think genocide is a thing of the past. After all it is 2014 already. We are so much more advanced and connected then back during the time of the Holocaust. A genocide started just 22 years ago and it was during the Bosnian War. The Bosnian Genocide was atrocious because it classified and dehumanized a religion, it allowed for the extermination of a people based on religion and the murderers denied they ever committed a crime and tried to cover the deaths up. The Bosnian War took place in the republic of†¦show more content†¦Serbs who stayed friendly with Muslim neighbors or tried to protect them were considered traitors, and they were dealt with harshly (Ching). The prisoners in the camps were beaten, denied food and water, housed in horrific conditions, sexually assaulted, tortured, and finally killed (Bosnian Genocide). There was no food, little water, and a lot of fear(Bosnia 1995). Some detainees there were killed on a pyre of burning tires, while others were forced to load dead bodies onto trucks, or to dig their own graves. As many as fifty thousand Muslim girls and women, aged nine to sixty, were raped by Serbian soldiers and volunteers. This made them unfit, according to Muslim culture, to be either wives or mothers (Ching). The Serbian soldiers would declare after rape that the women had given birth to Serbian babies. Due to these incidents, many of the female captives lost all of their strength and suffered from a number of sexually transmitted infections. The first goal of the Serbs was to wipe out the educated, the intellectuals, the wealthy, and any other non-Serbs who actively opposed their rule. By June 1994, fewer than 50,000 remained in their home and the area had been determined purified. (The Combat) . Most Bosnian Croats and Serbs had the option of fleeing to Croatia and Serbia. However Bosnian Muslims had nowhere to go. They crowded into Bosnian cities that were still widely thought to be safe. Serbian forces continued to carry outShow MoreRelatedFascism to Genocide - 968 Words   |  4 Pages26). During the Holocaust, the German dictator, Adolf Hitler, was lured in by the power that an autocratic society provides. He and his group, the Nazi Party, captured and executed millions of Jews in order to benefit Germany with ethnic cleansing. The Holocaust is one of the most infamous genocides in history. â€Å"Genocide† is defined as â€Å"the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group† (â€Å"Genocide†). 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International Human Resource Management Increased Globalization

Question: Describe about the International Human Resource Management for Increased Globalization. Answer: Introduction Over time, there has been increased globalization enabling easy mobility and cooperation between countries thus encouraging most institutions to operate internationally. As such, there is a need to develop and implement a Human Resource management that is capable of effectively managing employees of diverse culture and beliefs. Accordingly, global organizations should put great emphasize on integrating International Human Resource Functions to ensure an efficient management of the increased labor force that is characterized by cross- cultural practices. This paper seeks to examine the significance of including International Human Resource Management (IHRM) in the organization. Further, it explores the inherent challenges in global human resource management and ultimately provides the recommendations that can be applied to overcome the various problems identified (Harris et al., 2003, p.54). Nature, Integration Process and Importance of IHRM Nature of IHRM and Integration Process Human resource is crucial to the growth of any organization. Thus, a significant attention should be given to the active management of human resource. International Human Resource Management refers to the administration of the workers of businesses that operate in in the global market. Notably, IHRM primarily entails global human resource management functions that include planning, staffing and efficiently utilizing the knowledge and the skills of the large labor force to achieve optimal production level that conforms to the Total Quality Management policies (Cogin and Williamson 2014, p.711). IHRM primarily involve an active collaboration of human resource activities, the different types of personnel and the diverse kinds of countries of operation. The human resource activities entail similar functions to the domestic human resource management, that is, planning, organizing, hiring, training and development of the engaged workforce, remuneration and performance appraisal among others. IHRM deals with the management of different kinds of employees such as the parent country nations, host country nations, and third country nations. Finally, the countries involved in IHRM includes the host country which may have subsidiaries, the home state having the companies headquarter and any other country that provides additional source of labor and finance. Importantly, IHRM has a primary aim of ensuring effective interplay between the three dimensions to achieve optimal management of the human resources of international businesses (Harzing and Pinnington 2010, p.65). The HR professionals have the responsibility of ensuring a functional integration of IHRM in the multi- national organizations strategies. The role of Global HR experts changes depending on the worldwide orientation of the enterprise, hence, for effective International Human Resource Management; the managers should pay attention to the international organization strategy and afterwards develop HR policies that conform to the detected plans. Moreover, the IHR manager should identify any deviation of the set International human resource management strategies and ensure timely advice to the senior officials for corrective measures. Remarkably, the IHR managers must essentially focus on their worldwide proficiencies and acquire the vital skills that relate to the fundamental aspects of global human resource management (Laurent 1986, p.98). Importance of IHRM The increased globalization makes it necessary to modify the roles of the domestic human resource so as to manage the employees of the global organizations efficiently. Notably, the integration of the IHRM brings many benefits to the organization as discussed below; IHRM acts as a human capital steward. International companies more often spend a large amount of money on workers because of the nature of the labor force required. Consequently, the management of such companies should ensure proficient management of such human capital investment. Incorporating International Human Resource Management into the enterprises strategies fundamentally guides and promotes the partnership of the employees in the various countries of operation with a primary aim of achieving the optimal return on the firms human capital investments (Laurent 1986, p.95). Furthermore, IHRM monitors and the implements corporate HR policies. Global human resource management ensures satisfactory performance of corporate HR guidelines in all the branches and subsidiaries of the firm. Primarily, IHRM builds sound commitment of top management and plays a significant role in identifying areas of weaknesses and organizes the needed training. Moreover, International Human Resource Management enhances social responsibility by ensuring that future leaders are trained in a manner that makes them sensitive and equipped to deal with international challenges (Conger and O'Neill 2012, p.52). Additionally, IHRM significantly improves the understanding of the different regulations in the countries of operation. Most multinational firms have a largely decentralized structure of organization which makes the need for political and laws management to be able to control the various global laws adequately. The domestic HR lacks the needed expertise to manage employees in different nations hence integrating IHRM gives the multinational firms the ability to develop and implement policies that conforms to the regulations of the various countries of operations (Harzing and Pinnington 2010, p.69) Through International Human Resource Development, there is increased mobility that significantly aids the process of sharing materials, tools, and skills. Transfer of knowledge between countries of operation is made possible by the establishment of a global center of HR excellence that represents knowledge linkages. Through the networks, local information, and best practices can be passed from to the various employees and significantly enhances the performance of the global labor force of the global businesses (Tayeb 2005, p.76). International Human Resource Management also assists in MNC strategic planning and control of human resources. Effective planning and monitoring of human resources are crucial to the success of most global businesses. As such, IHRM ensures workable survival plans by significantly enhancing the ability of the firms to attract, motivate and continuously train and develop human factor for internationalization purposes (Chitakornkijsil 2010, p.379) It is worth noting that the aspect of integrating International Human Resource Management into the organization's strategy is an integral part of global businesses. The discussed roles ascertain the significance of the extended concepts of global human resource management. Challenges of Integration of IHRM Managing international human resources is complex and presents various problems that result from the fact that the employees are from more than one nation (Geppert et al., 2016). The notable challenges are as discussed below; Staffing Policy IHR managers face a challenge in developing workable staffing policies that adequately suits the parent country, host nation and other countries of operation. The success of the human resource management significantly relies on the ability of the department to attract the most competitive and appropriate applicants through the recruitment process. However, in International Human Resource Management, it is hard to draw a sufficient number of candidates during the hiring process (Muscalu 2015, p.351). The issues of expatriation, compensation, and repatriation significantly impacts on the success of IHRM in staffing. Moreover, the IHR manager has the responsibility of deciding the perfect time and place to deploy expatriation and repatriation to get the most favorable outcome. Government Regulations in the countries of operation and different political climate Most countries have different rules that govern working conditions, minimum wage rates among other aspects of employment. Moreover, there are labor unions which primarily aim at ensuring that the employers follow all the set regulations that pertain to the employment in the country of operation (Welch and Bjrkman 2015, p.320). Additionally, taxation presents a challenge to the businesses that operate globally because the states of operation have different tax rates and policies. As such, an integration of IHRM into the organizations strategies should ensure compliance with the regulations set by the governments of the countries involved in International Human Resource Management. The integration, therefore, has a cost since the IHR manager needs additional HR services such as international taxation and development of flexible policies that conforms to the regulations of the countries of operation (Chitakornkijsil 2010, p.379). Furthermore, the dynamic nature of political climate worldwide negatively impacts on the mobility and communication between the countries of operation. Some of the countries may experience political instability, thus, hindering the activities of the International Human Resource managers. Cultural Differences The cultural differences in the various countries of operation present a significant challenge to International Human Resource Managers. IHRM involves three types of states, that is, the host country, parent country and other countries of operation. Employees in these countries exhibit different cultural beliefs and practices. Thus, the managers face a serious challenge in procuring, allocating and utilizing the employees in the countries of operation. Notably, cultural and environmental diversity impedes the most vital aspects of human resource management such as planning, organizing, and staffing among others (Lim and Noriega 2007, p.72) Global Health and Security Concerns Expertly managing global health and security matters pose a great challenge to the IHRM. Most countries have set regulations governing health and safety matters of their active citizens. However, the rules differ from one country to another making it difficult for IHR managers to develop effective health and security policies that suit all the employees from the countries of operation. Variety of International Organizational Model There are different models of organizations worldwide. Notably, the type of business model significantly determines the type and nature of HR policies to be developed and implemented. Thus, IHRM faces a serious challenge in ascertaining the degree to which the HR strategies and practices should differ to match the different organization models in different countries (Tarique et al., 2015). Managing Challenges facing International Human Resource Management The inherent benefits of integrating IHRM into the organizations strategy make it necessary to develop the needed measures vital for effective management of the challenges faced in global human resource management (Dowling 2008). Several strategies for effective IHRM are available to the top management for efficient global human resource management. At the macro level, the management should ensure that the strategic international HRM is deployed to ensure that the institutions key values and goals are significantly supported by the human resource guidelines, actions, and practices. This strategy enhances the formulation and implementation of universal policies that can be suitably applied in the countries of operation. At the middle level, HR professionals are primarily expected to put great focus on issues that relate to unions in the host country. At this level, the HR specialists have a responsibility of dealing with the union's regulations in the host country by ensuring that the policies developed in conformity with the host countrys laws. At the micro level, the HR officials are focused on nurturing a global mentality among the workforce by encouraging and developing HR competencies (Conger and O'Neill 2012, p.52). Remarkably, IHRM should work with the senior management team with a primary aim of achieving the goals of the global firms. Importantly, there should be adequate communication between the senior management and the managers in the other countries and subsidiaries for identification of the competencies required to successfully carry out the roles of HR globally such as procurement, allocation, and utilization of the human resources for ideal production. The coordination of the managers involved in IHRM eliminates the challenges that hinder the staffing process. Moreover, the cooperation will significantly improve the success of the HR policies in the major aspects such as sourcing, training and development and creation of an appropriate reward and compensation system for the multinational firms to ensure compliance with the requirements of the respective labor unions. Additionally, the coordination provides harmonization of the health and safety regulations among the various countries (Brewster et al., 2007). Fundamentally, the managers should seek a comprehensive understanding of the various cultures that prevails in the countries of operation. Due to the globalization trend in businesses, Managers are expected to have a vast knowledge of cultures to manage the different employees perfectly. Moreover, the full knowledge of cultural values significantly eliminates the challenges of communication barrier and cultural conflicts that exists between employees (Evans et al., 2002) Conclusion The increasing globalization has necessitated the incorporation of International Human Resource Management into the strategies of the international businesses. As such, the global firms should embrace the implementation of IHRM to enjoy the inherent benefits of the integration (Sengupta 2007, p.97). However, significant focus should be put on the strategies that aim at managing the challenges to effectively manage international employees. 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