Discussion and Lab Questions Essay

Discussion QuestionsWho is someone that you feel you have a positive blood with? What role do you think openness and truthfulness have in making this relationship positive?- I think that I have a positive relationship with my high school coach because she is always there for me if I need something and she listens to whats have to say. Even though she is older then I am, I feel like we argon best friends and we understand each other. I think they have an effect on the relationship because without depose and being open with them, they maybe will not trust you and May have a hard time believing what you are saying.What effects do you think the various types of media (TV, Internet, newspapers, Facebook, etc) have on your own life and your family? Do you think the overall effect is negative or positive? How can parents thin the negative effects?-I think it has a big effect on the family because everyone is always on their phone and you never are able to have a family discussion on how things are doing. They are always focused on the internet, tv, phones, etc.5.09Lab Questions1.How can parents avoid impatience tantrums?-Parents can avoid temper tantrums by having a plan for when they are put into this situation.2.What are the A, B, Cs?-The A is attribute and that is what you would motive your nipper to learn. The B is the behavior that you want your child to accommodate with what you have learned. C is the compassion that you want your child to compare with their behavior.3.Do you think using consequences and following the ABC process will help dramatis personae a childs behavior? Why or why not?-I do think that the ABC process with help as long as the consequence is related to what they did and will make a difference. The child will also realize that you are serious and will want the consequences to stop to change their behavior.1.What are some of the reasons why people may not talk to babies as muchtoday as they used to?- They in all probability dont talk to them as much because the parenting structures have changed and people now are much too busy.2.Why do you think developing wrangle skills is important for a child? I think developing language skills is important because it affects their ability to make friends, be sociable and emotionally good people.3.What are some of the ways that parents can encourage the development of language skills? Parents can encourage the development of language skills by communicating with their child and listening to them so that they can practice and not feel as stressed when they talk to people.

Nuclear Arms Race

UNIT 9 accouterments RACE AND THE NUCLEAR THREAT Structure Objectives Introduction priming to the atomic gunor lead 9. 2. 1 9. 2. 2 9. 2. 3 The Beginning Birth of the thermo atomic blazonry bunk The Manhatten Project precept for the ordnance take to the woods in the Post state of struggle stop consonant The atomic fortify Race How it is disparate from each(prenominal) the Previous mail Races in History 9. 3. 1 9. 3. 2. 9. 3. 3. The third base Test Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings in the raw York Times and the Trinity Test Different Phases of the Nuclear Arms Race in the Post- cont remove period 9. 4. 1 9. 4. 2 9. 4. 3 9. 4. 4 9. 4. 5 9. 4. 6 9. 4. 7 9. 4. 8 Fear of the Soviets and socialism 945 to 1953 Period of US Monopoly 1957 to 1968 Period of projectile Crisis and the intercontinental ballistic missile Race 1968 to late 1970s Period of MIRV and ICBM Race 1981 Reagans Strategic modernisation Plan 1983 militarization of Space-Reagans Star War Program me 1984-1991 Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev Era and the last days of collapsing Soviet confederation. 1991 to 1997 Nuclear Arms Race later on the Collapse of Soviet Union Nuclear Arms Race in the Third World and s outh-central Asia 9. 5. 1 9. 5. 2 95. 3 9. 5. 4 Acquisition of Nuclear Capability by china and rise of Arms Race in joint ohm Asia India, Pakistan and the Nuclear Arms Race Domino Theory in southwest Asia General Complexion of Arms Race in South Asia Let Us Sum Up Key Words Some Useful Books Answers to verify Your win Exercises 9. 0 OBJECTIVES This unit deals with Arms Race and the Nuclear Threat in the present day serviceman. after studying this unit, you pull up stakes be in a position to understand the background to the nuclear blazon pelt along explain how the nuclear ordnance zip is different from all the previous blazonry leads discuss the different bods of the nuclear coat of ordnance cannonball along mien in the post- state of war perio d and emarnine the nuclear fortification unravel in the Third World and especially in South Asia. . 1 INTRODUCTION This unit on Arms Race and Nuclear Threat is part of occluded front 3 which deals with what is called the chilliness War Period i. e. , afterwards the Second World War and the emergence of what is termed as ability Dominance. In Unit &World War 11 Causes and Consequences (Emergence of Super Powers) you form read somewhat how the regular army and the USSR emerged as Super offices in international politics after the end of the Second World War.In Unit 7 Cold War Meaning, Patterns and Dimensions, you leave learnt how the collapse of Germ any and its assort in 1945 led to the emergence of what has been termed as Cold War among the- devil main tycoons of the post-1945 international enact * i. e. USA and USSR. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) which was dealt with in Unit 8 of this block was a consequence of the cold war power bloc politics. One thing common to th e post-1945 international order as well as the pre-1945 piece was the gird race. When studying active World War I and 11, you would have sealedly read about the weaponry race which was both quantitative and soft in character.It would also have been noniced that the accouterments race in its qualitative dimension in both the world wars was itself unity of the greatest causes of the two wars. From the invention of dynamite by Sir Alfred Nobel of the Novel Industries in the front World War period, to the invention of rockets by Germany in the Second World War, it is the search for the ultimate heavy weapon which could win all wars that constituted the greatest push for the implements of war race. In this madness scientists, nations, populate, soldiers, politicians all expend prey and ended up scarce killing greater and greater play of civils.In the present unit, we will concentrate on the fortify race in the post-1945 international order. As has been stated before, th is quest for a qualitatively more than destructive weapon was the greatest motivating factor in bringing the world a whole step closer to war, be it the First or the Second World War. The key conflict in the arms race before 1945 (i. e. in the interwar period) and after 1945 was the nuclear dimension. Prior to 1945, all the arms races in human history never confronted what is now popularly cognise as the Nuclear Threat.After 1945, the arms race that humanity got engage in became the greatest living brat to life itself as known on this planet. The difference lies in wholeness single qualitative step in the arms race, and that step was the creation of the nuclear or Nuclear die in 1945. Thus, from 1945 the arms race we discuss in this Unit, remained no longer conventional but acquired a nuclear character and from then till today, man is keeped in an arms race that puts both parties who engage in it, under a perpetual Nuclear Threat. 9. B ACKGROUNDTOTHENUCLEARARMSRACE 9. 2. 1 The Beginning Birth of the Nuclear Arms Race The nuclear arms race among the superpowers began initially in the pre-second world war period between the Germans and the Allied Powers. It was in the scope of this conflict prior to the Second World War that in 1938, at the Kaiser William Institute in Germany, Otto Hann and Dr. Fritz decoy front split the atom. Lise Meitner and Otto Hann later state this successful splitting of the atom amounting to a nuclear fission.It was a event of coincidence that at this juncture in history, the greatest minds working on the atomic problem were Jews and that too, German. Hitlers fast anti-Semitism during the period sent most of these great minds in Germany rushing to the USA where they were welcomed. These fleeing scientists informed the Ameri digest armed services who were closely monitoring events in atomic number 63. There was widespread apprehension that Germany might be the startle to produce the nuclear break down as the knowledge of splitting the atom was already available to it.Albert wit too was one of the refugees and he k in the raw ripey the stigmaificance of this discovery, for it was he who first unlocked the secret power of the atom to the modern world. He warned the President of the unite States about it. 9. 2. 2 The Manhatten Project T he Americans under President Roosevelt were fully aware of the international implications and so began the race to build the bomb first. Roosevelt commissioned what was the top secret Man Hatten Project, the biggest scientific effort ever do costing 2 cardinal dollars under Maj. Gen.Leslie Groves to construct the atomic bomb in a record conviction. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Herbert York, Edward Teller, Hans Beth and a host of early(a) scientific luminaries were involved in the production of the first three nuclear bombs. The interesting aspect of this bomb construction was that though the initial rival was Germany, slowly the real enemy for whom th e bomb was constructed turned out to be the Soviet Union. In fact, Gen. Leslie Groves stated that he had no illusions that Soviets were the real enemy. -This fact is critical to an appreciation of the post 1945 world.Arms Race and Nuclear Threat 1 Cold War Period 9. 2. 3 Rationale for the Arms Race in the Post War Period Germany, the first nation with whom the US engaged in the N-Arms race surrendered in May 1945 and all its nuclear facilities were destroyed, thence ending the first phase of an incipient nuclear arms race. Despite this the arms race had to continue once the weapons had been built. A forward-looking enemy across the horizon was discovered Communist Soviet Union. The fear of communism was ideologicly fuel the furious pace of the A-Bomb construction. In that sense the emerging U. S. ilitary-industrial complex was not wrong. Communist USSR was in spades the biggest power confronting USA and its western assort once Germany collapsed. The world was by all odds getti ng divided into two camps, the capitalist and the socialist and Europe including Germany was its first victims. The Allies could not do anything about it. Something had to be found, a new ultimate weapon which could stop and possibly destroy the march of communism. That something de subscribe initially for fascist Germany and used for experimentation in Japan was to be probably used later against the Socialist Soviet union.This was the underlying ideological war cry in the American establishment and the subtle reason for chronic the arms race into the post-Second World War world era. The discovery of the split atom gave confidence to the United States that it could fight the cold war or iron-curtain that Winston Churchill give tongue to had descended over Europe. It was an indication that the new war after 1945 would be fought against the USSR. chair Your cash advance 1 strain i) Use the space presumption(p) below for your resolvings. ii) C heck your answer with the repres entative answers given at the end of the unit. 1)Examine the background to the nuclear arms race. 2) What are the rationale for the arms race in the post-war period? s 9. 3 THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM exclusively PREVIOUS ARMS RACES IN HISTORY 9. 3. 1 The Ikinity Test Of the three bombs constructed, the first was tested on July 16, 1945 at Alamagordo, crude Mexico. It is known as the Trinity Test. The successful Trinity Test heralded the put up of the Nuclear-Bomb in human history and the dawn of the nuclear age.Neils Bohr, the famous Danish Physicist, prophetically observed the insetting arms race and its qualitative difference. In a letter to Resident Roosevelt on 3 July 1944 he mentioned that a weapon of unparalleled power was universe created which would completely change all future conditions of warfare. Some scientists anticipating the arms race between the US and the USSR urged the American Government to share the nuclear secrets with Soviet Union and thus prevent an arms race. However, it is obvious that the scientists were too naive of the game of politics as well as the intensity of international politics.Such advice was never heard, and the race was continued in the hope of victory. To the forces desperately face for a way to deal with the Germans, the Japanese qnd finally the Soviets, the Trinity Test held out hope that they could win. 9. 3. 2 Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings Two more historical events, however, finally sealed the destiny of mankind. They were the dropping of the two remaining vernal nuclear devices, i. e. , the 5 ton uranium bomb on Hiroshima on August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8, 1945.Over 250,000 people died in both the cities and the living corpses who survived bled incessantly and were blackened with their skins hanging in shreds, their hair scorched to the roots. Most were heartly naked, their clothes burnt from their bodies. George Bernard Shaw observed in Man and Superman about the art of killi ng that man, out does nature herself when he goes out to slay, he carries a marvel of mechanics that lets loose at the touch of his finger all the hidden molecular energies and leaves the javelin, the arrow and blow shout of his fathers far behind. Hiroshima and Nagasaki exemplified that. . 3. 3 New York Times and the Ikinity Test It would be easier to comprehend the qualitative significance of nuclear arms race if we take note of two observations made at the time of the Trinity Test. The New York Times reporter who witnessed the test observed a light not of this world, the light of many suns in one. It was a surprise such as the world had never escortn, a great green super can climbing in a fraction of a second to a height of more than 8,000 ft, wage hike even higher until it touched the clouds, lighting earth and sky all round with a dazzling uminosity.Up it went, a great ball ,of fire about a mile in diameter, changing colours, as it kept shooting upward, from deep purple t o orange, expanding, growing bigger, ascent as it was expanding, an elemental force freed from its bonds after being chained for billions of classs. For a fleeting instant the colour was unearthly green, such as one only sees in the corona of the sun during a total eclipse. It was as though one had been let to witness the birth of the world to be present at the moment of creation when the Lord said Let There Be Light.Robert Oppenheimer perhaps summarized in one line the destiny of modern mans predicament similitude his own creation, when he quoted the Gita to exclaim I have become death, destroyer of worlds. The scream created by the explosion at Alamagordo could be heard 50 miles afar and the pillar of fire that the New York Times reporter talked about rose 6 miles into the sky. These observations of the Trinity Test and the dropping of the bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki sum up why the arms race mankind got caught in after 1945 is totally different in its complexion from all th e previous arms races in human history.The sad part, however, for any dreamer scholar of international relations is that despite these evidences of destruction, the arms race continued with greater vigour and vengeance. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period Check Your come along 2 quality i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answer given at the end of the unit. 1) What is the Trinity Test? 9. 4 DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN THE POST-WAR conclusion 9. 4. 1 Fear of the Soviets and CommunismIt was the Trinity Test on July 16, 1945 that truly sparked off the nuclear arms race between the US and the Soviet Union. Despite the horror of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the race never stopped. The second fact that fuelled the nuclear arms race was the Soviet Communist enemy. This was, in fact, testified to by Gen. Leslie Groves who said he had no illusions as to whom the bomb was really being built for, i. e. , the Soviets. The ideological, governmental and military threat to capitalism by rising communism had to be dealt with. The discovery of the nuclear bomb was truly the biggest boost to the arms race.United Kingdom followed US-Soviet learning of the bomb in 1952, France in 1960 and China in 1964. The nuclear arms race passed through the adjacent phases, they cannot be clearly distinguished from each separate. 9. 4. 2 1945 to 1953 Period of US Monopoly During this period, the United States first enjoyed a total monopoly until 1953 and then, nuclear superiority. In this phase, the US territory was regarded as a sanctuary because the Soviets did not have any reciprocal speech communication potential to reach the American manoeuvers from USSR.The United States, on the an some other(prenominal) hand, could firing the Soviet targets from American bases in Western Europe. 9. 4. 3 1957 to 1968 Period of Missile Crisis and the ICBM Race T he monopoly enjoyed the US during the first phase was skintn w hen the Soviets successfully tested the ICBM in 1957 creating what has been called the Missile Crisis in America. The advent of ICBMs shifted the focus of the nuclear arms race to strategical weapons i. e. Inter-Continental ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), Sea Launched ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) and strategic or inter-continental bombers which provided the strategic tripod.In 1967, USSR tested what is called a Fractional Orbital Bombardment system. This accelerated the qualitative dimension of the nuclear arms race further into space. 9. 4. 4 1968 to Late 1970s Period of MIRV and ICBM Race T he third phase in the nuclear arms race began when the American delivery technology took a gigantic leap by introducitfg what is called the Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability in their ICBMs in 1968.This meant that now one single l CBM could carry many small nuclear encumbrance fitted missiles which on reentering Soviet airspace would go in different directions hi tting many targets. MIRV marked a tremendous exponential upgradation of the arms race. This sent shivers down the Soviets who, however, mastered the technology by 1974. During this phase, the Soviets deployed two other weapon systems. First, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system in 1968 and second, the first Anti-Satellite (ASAT) missile and warhead, thus ensuring that the arms race went on.Check Your boost 3 Note i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) in short examine the period of US Monopoly in the Arms Race. . 2) Describe the efforts made by the erstwhile Soviet Union to break the US Monopoly in armaments. 9. 4. 5 1981 Regans Strategic Modernization Plan The next major technological tussle took consecrate between the two Superpowers over the MX-Missile. On October 2, 1981 President Regan inform a strategic modernization plan at an estimated cost of $ 160 billion.The weapons systems plan included (i) Missile Experimental or MX missle 100 of these were to be built (ii) B-IB Bombers 100 of them to be built (iii) STEALTH Bombers that are radar resistant by 1990s (iv) TRIDENT-I1 D-5 missiles-one per social class between 1983 and 1987 (v) overtop Control and Intelligence system (C,I) to be modernized (vi) NAVSTAR Satellite global positioning system (vii) Encapsulated passive missiles (viii) TERCOM for precision guided cruise missile an advanced communication system (ix) Global Positioning System (GPS) for guidance of the ICBMs during the boost phase (x) Route encrypted comunications to missiles or propelers (xi) slackwire buoys radio reception by submarines (xii) Fuel-Cell propulsion. 9. 4. 6 1983 Militarization of Space-Reagans Star Wars ProgrammeThe militarization of space began from 1958 and since then, over 2219 satellites-military and civilian have been launched by the superpowers and other nations, and 75% of the satellites launched have been for surveillanc e and military use, thus clearly violating the Space conformity of 1967. On March 23, 1983 President Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) popularly called Star Wars Programme costing 1 trillion dollars to found the militarization of space to a qunlitatively rlcr high. The aim being to build both a ground base and space based Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) to protect US territory against Soviet strategic missile attacks.Theoretically, the SDI programme, was supposed to be an alternative to the Mutual Assured Destruction or MAD article of faith as it would provide Mutual Assured Survival. It was thought the render nuclear weapons obsolete be relying on three new fibers of nonnuclear weapon systems. These were Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period i) Kinetic Energy Weapons ii) Directed Energy Weapons and iii) Microwave Energy Weapons All these weapons were based on unlike types of chemics, electromaphetic forces. and x-rays and lasers. The SDI programm e did not take off for many reasons. They being a) It was too expensive. b) It was not a sure technological venture, in the sense that it was far too complicated and thus not feasible. C) T he Soviets could easily render SDI ineffective by building a counter SDI. ) Reagan never consulted his European NATO allies and infact, surprised them by his announcement thus creating opposition to the programme in Europe. e) Reagan by signing the intercede Range Nuclear Forces conformity (INF) completely ended the political rationale of the SDI programme. f) In the USA itself, in the Congress and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, both the Republicans and the Democrats were of the opinion that they would not allow SDI to pass at any cost and thus, change the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972. Thus, they rejected SDI as otherwise it would have meant that the ABM Treaty alongwith SALT I and I1 would be nullified.Same would be the fate of START negotiations thus destroying the who le edifice of arms control and the start of an unbridled nuclear arms race. Added to this, many important scientists in USA, important people like James Schlesinger, former Secretary of Defense Mc-George Bundy, cold warriors likc George F. Kennan and Robert McNamara, former Secretary of Defence Harold chocolate-brown and a host of other people opposed the very fundamental logic of SDI that it would make the world safe of USA by removing the stability provided by the MAD capability of both the superpowers. Later on, the wholesale changes initiated by Michael Gorbachev inside the USSR vide Glassnost and Perestroika and allowing democracy in eastern Europe ended the whole logic of SDI. Check Your Progress 4 Note i)Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) What were the main cornponcnts of US President Ronald Reagans Strategic Modernisation Plan? 2 ) What were the reasons for the reprimand of Regans S DI P r o g r a r i , 9. 4. 7 1984-1991 Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev Era and the Last Days of Collapsing Soviet UnionBy January 1985, due to the damage already done by SDI of Ronald Reagan, massive rearmament programmes were on the both the sides, and the future direction of the arms race was dependent upon the two superpowers. The arms race was on at three take aims of nuclear weaponary, i. e. ,-space weapons, intercontinental weapons, and medium nuclear weapons. The US position on militarization of space through SDI really put the arms negotiation in difficult state. The Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko said, If there were no advancement on the issues of outer space, it would be superfluous to discuss the possibility of reducing strategic armaments. The US in 1984 had a massive programme for rearmament of many types of weapon systems.The rearmament programme of USA consisted of more Sea Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) about 800 more nuclear warheads to be f itted on sea and air delivery systems MX missile scrutiny Midgetsman Missiles the eighth Trident submarine fitted with more accurate SLBMs and 100 B -lB bombs. On the Soviet side, in 1984-1985 the rearmament meant rearmament of all Soviet SS-17s SS-18s and SS-19s into the MIRV ed mode, a new TYPHOON class submarine and testing a new type of more accurate SLBM. There was a reported attempt to make 40% of Soviet ICBMs on the movable mode instead of the existing 25% and all 243 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs) were to be deployed. All in all, 1984-85 was a period of massive rearmament of all weapon systems.In 1985-86, the picture as regards arms race was the same. There was no restraint. The only hope that some kind of arms control was executable was generated by the November 1985 summit meeting at Geneva between President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev where both in a joint statement stated that, The sides . have agreed that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. They also agreed to hold summit level meetings in 1987 and 1988. These words were an indirect admission by USA that the SDI was not workable. In other words, it recognise as unfeasible that the MAD doctrine could be replaced and a limited nuclear war waged by militarizing space was recognised as unfeasible.Apart from this, there was little progress in the talks on arms drop-off in Europe. As regards the nuclear arms race in 1986-87, the situation was still more or less the same except that there was a little getment towards arms control. The US put its first MX ICBM and B-1B bomber on operational position and on a 24 hour alert. Deployment of Pershing I1 missiles and SS-20s continued in Europe. However, certain positive developments took place which definitely halted the arms race in the long run. First, the 27th CPSU Congress in February 1986 decided on Perestroika (Restructuring of Economy), Glasnost ( Openness and Democratization) and reversal of military con fi. ontation in Europe and opening up of eastern Europe.Second, the Raykiajavik summit on 11 and 12 October 1986 declared that a nuclear war could never be won and should never be fougkt. Third, within the USA a tattered Reagans economy and the Senates opposition to SDI hit US arms race plans. Fourth, there were differences between USA and its NATO Allies who were never consulted on SDI. Thus, though the arms race went on in 1986-87 it was definitely going to end soon. As regards 1987-88, on December 8, 1987 the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed for the elimination of all middling and short range missiles. The agreement required the USA and USSR remove 2695 intermediate range GLBMs with a range of 1 000 to 5500 kms. It also envisaged the removal of GLBMs short range i. e. , 5 00 to gee kms.USSR agreed to remove 1836 missiles while USA removed 867 missiles. The INF Treaty saved the ABM Treaty from being neutralised by SDI, because with this treaty the ratio nale for SDI became even weaker and Reagan found it very difficult to push the matter in the Congress as well as with US public. In this sense, it saved the world from other dangerous dimension of arms race i. e. , the space opening UP. 1988-89 was another significant year as it too had something to show in terms of peace. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period 1988-83 can be characterised as the year of settlement of disputes in Afghanistan, Namibia, Iran-Iraq War, Israel-PLO and South Africa.It was also the year Gorbachev announced at the UN, unilateral reduction of Soviet troops and armaments in Europe amounting to 40% reduction of Soviet tank divisions and 50% of Soviet tanks deployed in GDR, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. This was a very significant political and military move as regards the continuation of conventional and nuclear arms race in Europe. 1989-90 can be characterized as the Year of Europe. By the end of 1989, almost all Soviet Allies in Eastern Europe and Cent ral Europe except Rumania and Albania were free. In August 1989, the first non-communist government got elected in Poland. By November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall had crashed.Elections also took place in Hungary, GDR and Czechoslovakia. On 29 December 1989 Vaclav Havel took over as the President of Czechoslovakia. At the Malta summit in December 1989, President Gorbachev showed readiness to regulate further and move ahead on the START process. Gewge Bush, the US President, hesitated a bit though he committed US towards a Chemical Weapon Ban and the required agreement in the future. 1990 was a year full of events. While Europe and the two superpowers were moving towards peace the Gulf was in flames with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990. Apart from this, in 1990, the WARSAW Pact was dissolved on 3rd March.On June 1, 1990, US and USSR signed a treaty on the destruction of and non-production of chemical weapons and on multilateral measures to ban chemical weapons. It was de cided that by 31 December, 1992, all chemical weapons in the world would be destroyed and only 5000 tons of agents would be kept. Then, the membership of the Missiles Technology Control Regime (MTCR) expanded. On November 20, 1990 there was the Treaty and a Joint Declaration of Conventional Armed Forces (CFF) forever reducing the nuclear threat in Europe. Check Your Progress 5 Note i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) What were the salient features of the Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev era? 9. 4. 1991 to 97 Nuclear Arms Race after the Collapse of Soviet Union 1991-92 was a historic year in the sense that due to the collapse of USSR, the enemy that fuel the arms race for US militarists broke up into 14 new states. Yugoslavia also broke up and in one stroke the enemy in so far as the US was concerned was gone and so, the whole political ideological introduction of the nuclear arms race. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990 led to the launch of US and Allied coalition attack under UN auspices against Iraq on 17th January, 1991. It ended on 28th February, 1991 with the complete defeat of Iraq. Arms trade as a result showed a down-ward trend.In 1991 the total value of global arms trade touched $ 22, 114 million. This . was 20% less than in 1990. I In 1992-93 USA, the Russian Federation, France, and Britain all agreed to halt the nuclear arms race totally except vis-a-vis R & D. At the regional level, there was further concretization of Europes complete demilitarization by the signing of the Helsinkl Document by all Eastern and West European countries. Added to this, there was the world summit on environment at Rio and UN Secretary Generals declaration of the Agenda for Peace. The peripd between 1993 and 1997 saw two other significant events taking place i nthe nuclear arms race.First, in 1995 the NPT review Conference took place for an indefinite generation of the treaty and on 24th September 1996, the Comprehensive Test Ban Traty (CTBT) was up for signature. US and the other nuclear weapons states and 60 other non-nuclear states signed the CTBT. India did not sign either the NPT or CTBT. The government argued that it did so to keep the nuclear weapons option open. This position taken by India brings us to the question of nuclear arms race in the Third World, dealt with in the following section. . Check Your Progress 6 L Note i) Use the space given below for your answer. ii) Check your answer with the model answer given at the end of the unit. I) Examine the nuclear arms race after the collapse of the USSR. 9. 5 NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN THE THIRD WORLD AND SOUTH ASIA r rT he nuclear arms race that went on in the First World throughout the Cold War definitely had its impact on the Third World. The quest of the German Bomb fueled the American Manhattan Project initially, and as the Second World War came to a close it was the Soviet ideologica l and military power manifest in the occupation of Eastern Europe that really put Americans firmly on the track of nuclear bomb making. However, at that time the Allies needed the Soviet Communists to destroy fascist Germany, Italy and Japan. Stalins intelligence agencies were well aware of the secret American nuclear programme and at Postdam, his suspicions were confirmed when President Roosevelt informed Stalin of a secret weapon.This knowledge fueled the Soviet desire to build the bomb at a feverish pace to counter the threat form c aptalist west. The bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, though not really necessary were also a veiled threat to Soviets of the American resolve. These events in a way led to the nuclear arms race. After 1949, when Communist China emerged under Mao, it is believed that the Chinese through Soviet athletic supporter (prior to Sino-Soviet split) too got the nuclear capability and tested in 1964. China was considered a Third World state and one can see how the ideological and political nature of nations deeply affected their decision to develop a nuclear capability.Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period 9. 5. 1 Acquisition of Nuclear Capability by China and start of Arms Race in South Asia Thus, the acquisition of nuclear capability of China in 1964 signalled the beginning of a nuclear arms race in South Asia. The Indo-Pak conflict was not actually the factor responsible for Indias quest for nuclear capability as many scholars claims, though it came in much later. The Kashmir conflict and partition and the three subsequent wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 did fuel the conventional arms race. 9. 5. 2 India, Pakistan and the Nuclear Arms Race The nuclew arms race in South Asia however was not of Indias making.It preferably came after the massive defeat India suffered at Chinese turn over in 1962, which hit our whole defense reaction and foreign policy. This followed by the news of Chinese exploding the nuclear device in 1964 shook the Indian political and military establishment and they decided to develop Indias nuclear capability. The decision was also influenced, perhaps, by the Chinese connivance with Pakistan in the 1950s prior to the 1962 war. It brought home to the Indian strategists the real possibility of Chinese and Pakistanis joining hands against India. After 1962, there was thus no looking back and the nuclear arms race reached South Asia. When India conducted the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) in 1974, the Pakistanis too decided to go for a nuclear programme.The aggression of the Second Cold War with the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan 1979 put Pakistan on the high antecedence zona of US in its fight against communism. It signalled deeper military cooperation and aid to Pakistan and some say, the beginning of some help even in fledgling Pakistan nuclear weapons programme. As of now, the South Asian region, is definitely a zone of nuclear competition with India consciously keeping its option op en and not exercising its capability. This is expressed in its refusal to sign both the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty in the 1995 Review Conference ahd the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 24th September, 1996. . 5. 3 Domino Theory in South Asia The South Asian case to the full demonstrates the Domino Theory which fuels nuclear arms race or any arms race. First, it was the German threat to Europe which made the US go for the bomb. Then, the Soviet threat made US go in for the bomb again. The bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki led Soviets to acquiring the bomb. The common threat to world communism led to Soviets helping the new communist state of China in 1949 with nuclear technology which helped China to conduct a nuclear test in 1964. The Soviets, however, had refused to give nuclear weapon design to China, which became the cause of Sino-Soviet rift.The Indian defeat in 1962 and Pakistans collusion with the Chines led the Indians to develop the nuclear capability by 1974. Th e Indian explosion coupled with back-to-back defeats in wars with India led the Pakistanis onto the bomb. The cases of other third world countries acquiring the bomb in similar e. g. the Iraqi and Iranian nuclear programmes. The South African case too is due to perceived survival threats. The other nuclear capable states are Argentina and Brazil-two major States in, Latin America. 9. 5. 4 General Complexion of Arms Race in South Asia Overall one can say that the third world nuclear arms race is definitely a product of the nuclear arms race in the first world and the many conflicts within the Third World sustain it.The cold war military hamper system helped this process. Now, after the collapse of s oviet Union and the massive reduction prior to it and after it in Western nuclear arsenals, nuclear peace has been brought to the world in the sense that we arent always living on the edge of a nuclear holocaust. However, the non-resolution of conflicts in the Third World, e. g. Indo-Pa k conflicts, Arab-Israeli conflict is a definite reason for the continuance of nuclear arms race in the Third World. Check Your Progress 7 Note i) F t Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the w it. ) What are the factor propelling the arms race in South Asia? 2 ) Briefly comment on Indias stand on the nuclear proliferation issue. 9. 6 LET US SUM UP We can conclude this unit by recalling a few pertinent points. Thus i) The discovery of the. power of the atom in both its creative and destructive senses was possibly the greatest event in 20th degree Celsius history. The creation and blasting of the nuclear bomb by the US demonstrated its power with telling effect. ii) The ideological conflict between capitalist West and socialist East was the single biggest factor instigating the nuclear arm race until the collapse of one side i. e. , of the USSR in 1991. iii)However, despite the demise of Socialist Soviet Uni on nuclear weapons still remain the basis for military power and their quest continues by many third world countries e. g. India, Pakistan, South Africa, Israel, Iran, Iraq and North Korea. iv) The nuclear threat to humanity remains even today and there is very little hope of complete disarmament. The only possible way is probably to reduce the number of warheads and number of nations acquiring this technology for settling their disputes. KEY WORDS ABM-Anti-Ballistic Missile System It is a weapon system designed to defend against a ballistic attack by intercepting and destroying ballistic missiles and their warheads in flight. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War PeriodBMD-Ballistic Missile Defense Systems capable of intercepting and destroying nuclear weapons in flight for defense against a ballistic Missile attack. CFE T naty The h a t y o n Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Negotiated in the Conference on aegis and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), a process which began in 19 73 and was signed in 1990 by NATO and WTO countries and came into force on 9 November, 1992. NATO-North Atlantic h a t y fundamental law Created by the US and its allies in Western Europe after the Second World War to counter USSR. WTO-Warsaw %sty Organisation Created by Soviet Union in 1955 to counter NATO military alliance. Dissolved in 199 1.ICBM-Inter Continental Ballistic Missile Ground launched Ballistic Missile capable fo delivering a warhead to a target at ranges in excess of 5500 km. INF-Intermediate Range Nuclear forces are nuclear forces with a range oflfrom molarity km. upto and including 5500 kms. MIRV-Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles Re-entry vehicles, carried by a nuclear ballistic missile, which can be directed to separate targets along separte trajectories (as distinct from MRVs). A missile can carry two or more RVs. MRV-Multiple Re-entry Vehicles Re-entry vehicle, carried by a nuclear missile, directed to the same target as the missiles other RVs.MAD-Mutual Assured Destruction Concept of reciprocal disapproverence which rests on the ability of the nuclear weapon powers to inflict intolerable damage on one another after receiving a nuclear attack. Open Skies h a t y A Treaty signed by 25 CSCE states in 1992, permitting flights by unarmed military or civilian surveillance aircraft over the territory of the signatory states, in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostock. SLBMSubmarine Launched Ballistic Missile A ballistic Missile launched from a submarine, usually with a range in excess of 5500 kms. START I TREATY Strategic Arms Reduction lkeaty Between USA and USSR to reduce strategic nuclear weapons.Strategic Nuclear Weapons ICBMs, SLBMs and bomber aircraft carrying nuclear weapons of inter-continental range of usually over 5500 kms. Doctriae of Deterrence It theorically means that the most appropriate way to prevent your enemy employ atomic weapons against you is to put a counter threat by also possessing the atomic bomb. Doctrine of Massive Retaliation Was a strategy of employing nuclear weapons and outlined by US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles after President Eisenhower took over from President Truman in 1954. The massive retaliation doctrine was founded on responding to any communist inspired aggression, however marginal the confrontation, by means of a massive nuclear strike against major centres in the Soviet Union and China.Doctrine of special War Was propounded by Captain Basil Liddel Hart in the late 1940s. He argued in his book the Revolution in Warfare in 1946 that When both sides possess atomic power total warfare makes nonsense all unlimited war waged with atomic power would be worse than non-sense, it would be mutually suicidal. He argued that war should, therefore, be a controlled affair and without barbarous excess. However, many US strategies criticized his concept of limited war as practically impossible. Doctrine of Flexible Response Adapted by NATO in 1967 and base d on a flexible and balanced range of appropriate responses, conventional and nuclear, to all levels of aggression or threats.These responses, field of view to appropriate political control, are Arms Race and Nuclear Threat designed first to deter aggression and thus preserve peace but, should aggression unhappily occur, to maintain the security of NATO area within the concept of forward defense. 9. 8 SOME USEFUL BOOKS Lawrence Freedman The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. PM. S. Blackett Atomic Weapons and East West Relations. Hedly Bull The Control of the Arms Race. Morton Halperin Limited War in the Nuclear Age. Freed Ikle coffin nail Nuclear Deterrence last out the country? Robert Jervis Perceptions and Misperceptions i n International Politics. Herman Kahn O n Escalation Metaphors and Scenarios.Henry Kissinger Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. Thomas Shelling Arms and Influence. 9. 9 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES Check Your Progress 1 1) bump into Sec tion 9. 2 2) See Section 9. 2 and sub-section 9. 2. 3 Check Your Progress 2 1) S eeSection9. 3 Check Your Progress 3 1) See Section 9. 4 and sub-sections 9. 4. 1 to 9. 4. 4 2) See Section 9. 4 and sub-section 9. 4. 3 Check Your Progress 4 1) See sub-sections 9. 4. 5 and 9. 4. 6 2) See sub-section 9. 4. 6 Check Your Progress 5 1) See sub-section 9. 4. 7 Check Your Progress 6 1) See sub-section 9. 4. 8 Check Your Progress 7 1) See Section 9. 5 2) See Section 9. 5 and sub-section 9. 5. 2

Final Examination Essay

1. The essential steps in performing a governances study atomic number 18 (in order of occurrence) a) Analysis, design, implementation and initial operation, watch outup b) Design, planning, followup, analysis, and implementation c) Planning, system specification, analysis, deed, implementation d) Planning, analysis, design, implementation, and followup2. Which of the following is intended to solve the problem that fiscal info used in one application is non easily transferable to other applications?a) XMPb)ERPc) XBRLd) XMLP3.Information systems visitors atomic number 18a) Auditors who be concerned with analyzing risks associated with computerized learning systemsb) Individuals who often prevail closely with financial scrutiniseorsc) Auditors who have a haulage of technical expertise related to entropy technologyd) all of the higher up4. Which of the following is non an world power of client/server computing?a) Alter info stored elsewhere on the networkb) Process a transaction that may affect data stored on both client and server computersc) Query or manipulate the w arhoused data on the serverd) Increased networking capabilities between different bear down formats on dual systems5. Software that enables employmentes and government agencies to transmit and manipulate financial data on an organization-wide basis better(p) describesa. communion softwareb. CAD softwarec. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) softwared. Programming software6. exclusively of the following are computer programming languages excepta. Javab. HTMLc. C++d. COBOLe. ERP7. Data flow diagramsa)Accomplish the same purpose as system flowchartsb)Are different from system flowcharts since they focus on a logical run across of the information systemc)Are useless for planning a new systemd)Are neer used in analyzing an existing system8. All of the following are restraints for end-user computing excepta) Formally evaluate heroic projectsb) Formalize documentation stand ardsc) Limit the number of employees authorized to create end-user applicationsd) all of the higher up are classical controls9. The textbook identified seven reasons why documentation of an AIS is important. For which of the following reasons would the user guides, procedure manual of armss and operating operating instructions be most important?a) Depicting how the system worksb) Training usersc) Designing new systemsd) Standardizing communications with others10. bank line organizations are recognizing the value of sales data and are purchasing software solutions to gather, give, and use these data to provide better service and promote customer loyalty. These software solutions are calleda) Customer relations data solutionsb) Customer relationship management solutionsc) Sales data management solutionsd) no(prenominal) of the above11. Which of the following statements best describes business process outsourcing? a) A company focuses on its core business processes and contracts with another firm to do the other processes b) Companies frequently outsource core business processes c) Due to networked enterprises and advanced technology, more(prenominal) employees may work from their homes or alternate locations d) Initially, companies engaged in business process outsourcing to offer employees more opportunities to travel and more career choices for advancement12. Networked enterprises and globalization have enabled a new business model called business-without-boundaries. Which of the following statements describes this business model? a) Companies no pineer have all of their employees in one location b) It is called offshoring and companies contract with firms in other countries to do such business processes as human resources, payroll, and accounting c) Companies are under a great deal of scrutiny to manage costs and generate revenue so they contract with foreign firms to do various business processes at a lower cost to the company d) all of the above st atements describe this model13. Which of the following is not a concern of the financing process? a) Effective specie managementb) Optimizing an organizations cost of capitalc) Minimizing an organizations borrowingsd) Projecting cash flows14. Business process reengineering efforts sometimes fail because a. Management gets similarly involved in the processe) Management is too optimistic regarding its expectations from its implementation b. Management support can never overcome employee resistance c. Employees will never accept change15. Which of the following technologies are now used in conjunction with automated production process systems to increase efficiencies?a) Radio frequency technologyb)Bar code scannersc) RF IDs and advanced electronic tagsd)all of the abovee)none of the above16. According to the chapter, which of these statements is most consummate?a)Most computer abuse is performed as retaliation against employersb) Very smaller computer crime is committed for person al gainc) Some computer abuse is performed simply to visualise a challenged) We catch most computer abusers with good accounting controls17.Which of the following is probably the principal(a) reason accountants should be concerned about computer crime and abuse?a)They world power lose their personal credit line if they dont detect computer crime or abuse in their organizationb)They might lose their professional credibility and license if computer crime or abuse continues for a long time in their organization and they do not detect itc)They are responsible for designing, implementing, and monitoring the control procedures for AISsd)none of the above18.One of the major crimes identified by the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 is intent to lawlessly obtain information or tangible property through the use of computers. Which of the following methods might do this type of crime if the perpetrator can change data before, during, or after they are entered into a computer system? a) Salami techniqueb)Data diddlingc)Shoulder surfingd)Trojan horse program19.Regarding a companys visit trail, which of the following statements is true?a) Because of the Gordianities involved in establishing an audit trail, a good audit trail commonly makes it more difficult for an individual to follow the flow of a companys business proceeding through thecompanys information systemb) In actuality, the audit trail established at heart a companys information system is an unimportant element of the companys privileged control system When a companys audit trail becomes more difficult to follow, this causes an increase in the risk of errors or irregularities taking place in the bear on of accounting transactions and not being detectedc) A companys policies and procedures manual should not be part of its audit trail since confidential information is included at heart this manual20.Which of the following statements is true regarding timely exertion reports?a. In umteen companies, t hese reports are the major means of providing information to management concerning the actual operations of the companies natural control systemsb. These reports should only include monetary datac. Since these reports fail to provide feedback to management on the operations of previously implemented internal control procedures, other techniques are needed to provide this feedback to managersd. The complexity that a computer introduces into a companys information system will typically prevent the preparedness of timely performance reports for the companys management21. _________________ describes the policies, plans, and procedures implemented by a firm to cherish its assets. a) Internal controlb) SAS No. 94c) SOX, Section 404d) Enterprise risk management22. General controls within IT environments that affect personnel include a) Use of computer accountsb) Separation of dutiesc) Informal knowledge of employeesd) all of the above affect personnel23. Which of the following best descr ibes a fundamental control weaknessoften associated with automated data processing systems? a. Automated data processing equipment is more subject to systems error than manual processing is subject to human error b. Automated data processing equipment processes and records similar transactions in a similar manner c. Automated data processing procedures for detection of invalid and unusual transactions are less effective than manual control procedures d. Functions that would normally be separated in a manual system are combined in an automated data processing system24. The textbook identifies a number of issues that should be considered when developing a security policy. One of the issues is identify threats. Which of the following is not an prototype of this issue? a) What assets need to be protectedb) What are the sources of potential security problemsc) External threats are viruses, worms, retaliations from source employees d) Internal threats are misuse of assets by employees a nd embezzlement25 Which of these is not a phase in the life cycle of an information system?a) Planningb) Analysisc) Controld) Implementation26. A poorly-planned information system can result ina)Employee resistance and even sabotageb)Inflexible systems that are hard to maintain or modifyc)Systems that solve the wrong problemsd)all of these27.Which of the following is not a general objective in the design of an information system? a)A system should provide information which is timely and relevant for decision make by management and operating personnel b)The output of a system should be highly accuratec)A system should have sufficient efficiency to accommodate levels of normal activity any additional capacity proves too costly in the long run d)A system should be as simple as permitted so that its structure and operation can be easily understood and its procedures easily accomplished e)A system should be flexible to accommodate changes of a reasonable magnitude when necessitate28. A computerized AIS is harder to audit than a manual system for all of the following reasons except a) The file information is not human legibleb) The volume of transaction records and master file records is usually much larger in computerized systems than in manual systems c) An audit trail does not exist in a computerized AISd) Computerized systems often use remote real-time data processing, thus complicating the tracing of transaction records to their sources29. Which of the following is not one of the groups of SOX compliance requirements? a) requirements to use an IT listener to evaluate controlsb) regulations governing executive reporting and conductc) rules about financial statement reportingd) audit committee/corporate governance requirements30. Three common techniques auditors use to test computer programs are a) rivulet data, integrated test facilities, and parallel simulation b) Test data, edit checks, and integrated test facilitiesc) Test data, program change control, and parallel simulation d) Program change control, edit checks, and parallel simulation31. The term data encryption refers toa) Storing data in safe places called cryptsb) Transforming data into secret codesc) Scrambling data in random slipway that cannot be unscrambled d) none of these32. The term key in the context of data encryption refers to e) A somatogenetic key similar to a house keyf) A logical key similar to the primitive key of a data fileg) A mathematical function used for encryption purposese) A computer function key that can be found on keyboards33. All of the following are benefits of XBRL excepta) Companies can file financial information in one format, avoiding the errors that may come from reentering data multiple times b) The SEC accepts XBRL-format for electronic filing of financial statement reports c) XBRL permits the automatic and reliable switch of financial information across all software formats and technologies, including the Internet f) all of the abov e are benefits of XBRLd) none of the above are benefits of XBRL34.All of these are reasons why databases are important to AISs excepta) AIS databases store valuable informationb) Many AISs are large and and then potentially unwieldyc) The databases of some organizations are very complexd) The hard disk space used to store AIS databases is comparatively expensiveg) all of these are reasons why databases are important to AISs35.A major advantage of relational databases isa)All records are stored togetherb)No pointers are usedc)An expandible index is usedd)It closely resembles a flat file36. In recent years many businesses have formed a common information source within their business organization called a database. One of the advantages of building databases is the simultaneous updating of files with common data elements. Another major advantage of the database design is that a) Database systems can be used in microcomputers as well as on large computers b) Database systems are simp le to install and maintainc) Database systems are generally less expensive than separate file precaution systemsd) Less duplication of data occurs with a database systeme) Fewer skilled people are required to run a database system than any other system1. The process of data normalization refers to)a Eliminating data errors and other problems from normal data b)Scaling data to values between zero and onec)Storing data in normal storage media such as hard disksd)none of these38. Database management systems are important to accountants becausea) They automate file storage tasks and enable managers to generate worthwhile financial reportsb They eliminate data redundancy)b) They are unique data structures which accountants have never used before )c) They are easy to develop and therefore save money)d) They are energy efficient39. Which of these is true about finding data in multimedia databases? a) It is not possible to face them because graphics have no text keys for searching b) It i s not possible to search them because audio objects have no text keys for searching )c It is possible to search for items in them because such characteristics as speaker or subject can be used as search parameters

Ideal Student Essay

Quote I realized that the yet purpose to revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want Idle student An nonesuch student is someone who is relishy for knowledge. Such a student go forth not be distracted in class. After any that is what every teacher desires.This thirst for knowledge will ensure that she is attentive and is committed to learn any that she can about a particular subject so that she can understand it fully. An archetype student will also harbour certain other distinguishing qualities. She will adjudge well defined goals in life and her effort will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what she aspires to be, she will have a ready answer. And she will have a vertical reason for what she aspires to be. She will also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain her goal.An ideal student will respect her teachers only if will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice and mode if she needs it. She will not be the kind of person who accepts things blindly and learns by rote. She will listen to grasp concepts and if she finds it difficult, will have the confidence to nestle her teachers for to a greater extent information. She will be active in many things for she understands that one should have a well rounded personality. She will have character more than anything else for it is character that makes a persons destiny.She will compete only with herself and if someone seeks her help in class, will show no hesitation in giving it. An ideal student will break discipline. She will be punctual and properly dressed. She will not absent herself from class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class.Children are the riches of a nation.A Nation that scrams a generation of talented and hardworking youth marches forwards on the path of prog ress.However creating quality citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight.The first step for that is to dumbfound ideal students in our domesticates. These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.? There isnt one definite answer to that because there are many qualities that together define an ideal student.The more or less important quality of an ideal student is that for him. the foremost duty of his school life is to study.He studies regularly and substantial kit hard to improve hisperformance in each exam. But his objective of studying is not to only score good marks or secure a high rank.Beyond that he has a thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn more about everything he observes.Apart from studies, an ideal student actively gets involves in other activities. He is good in arts and sports and regularly participates in intra and inter school events.He is an active member of various clubs in the school and helps in organ izing events. But participating in competitions and fetching events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows that very well.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, courtesy are equally important in todays world, and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student.He treats his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody. In times of crisis for his friends, he is the first person to stand by them. He never boasts of his achievements and never gets depressed by his failures. He is always cheerful and maintains a positive approach to life.He spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone.An ideal student is a voracious reader. He reads the newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world. He also reads magazines, noels and short stories.he has an excellent grasp of the language and is very good at communica ting things to others.Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents and family members very overmuch and does as much as he can to help them and to keep them happy. He never wastes his parents hard-earned money and believes that knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire.An ideal students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country.If only all our schools couls produce more and more ideal students, our country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..

Edgar Degas Research

Edgar Degas was twain a man and an artist of contradictions. The French artist, paint err, and sculptor Edgar Degas was born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, France. Degas died September 27, 1917 in Paris, France. Degas is associated historically with the Impressionists because of his cin one casentration on scenes of contemporary life and he never painted outdoors and rarely depicted landscape and also his desire to capture the brief moment. Degas surpassed other impressionists in compositional sense his use of vibrant expressive coloring material became his particular concern in his late works.Degas was one of the first to understand and creatively use the crude pictorial possibilities offered by photography and Nipponese prints. With that being said, in describing the physical characteristics of one of Degass most famous still life creates, was titled char muliebrity with Chrysanthemums, painted in the year 1865. The speciality used was oil on canvas and the scale was 29x 361/2 . The subject is a female figure depicted sitting at the right side of a table with a bouquet of flowers in the center and also a film over pitcher of water with gloves placed beside the glass pitcher.The film is objective, and it is because the huge bouquet of flowers opens the viewers eye and draws one into the still life painting dominating almost overshadowing the figure. As an artist Degas utilize several major elements of art in his still life famous painting, Woman with Chrysanthemums, therefore, one of the major elements utilized was use Lines. Degas utilized lines in his painting of the table and the open window at the right side of the painting. A here and now element of art utilized in this painting was the use Color.Degas uses bright spots of color in the bouquet, yellow, red, and specifically white, mostly the general coloring of the painting was subdued, with shades of brown being the command coloring. Degas utilized a third element of art being Space. Degas capt ured the look of Nipponese prints and influenced Degass painting, as Japanese also is the shallowness of the space, accented by the flowered cover to the left of the picture. A fourth major element utilized in Degass Woman with Chrysanthemums described is use Mass. The artist utilized mass with the fullness of the massive bouquet of flowers.Degas utilized the element of texture brilliantly in his rendering of the colorful bouquet of mums. In describing how Degas organised the elements with the principles of design, firstly, unity and variety is utilized with the consistency of color throughout the painting. The mass bouquet of flowers dominates the center, the flowered groyne paper behind the table and the flowers that are seen through the open window on the right of the painting. Utilizing some other one of the elements of art and principles of design, Degas utilized Balance in this particular painting.Degas placed the womanhood figure at the far right where she occupies less than a third of the composition, her body cut in half by the pictures edge. The mass of flowers dominates the center, and the glass pitcher and the ladys gloves coolly tossed on the table, help to balance the composition, which in turn acts as a visual foil to the figure. fury is utilized in the painting as Degas captured the visual push throughance, an impression of the inner mood of the woman staring off in to space, her cheek resting on her hand, looking as though she is befogged in reflection and unaware of the encroaching bouquet of Chrysanthemums.Directional Forces utilized are using the implied lines for the viewers eye to follow the beautiful colors throughout the painting. Also, another way the artist utilized elements with the principles would be through Contrast. The difference between the artists use of light and dark throughout his painting. In describing how Degas organized the elements with the principles of design, Repetition and Rhythm with the vivid colors of the flowers flow through and gives the composition unity. travel along describing the organized elements with the principles of design, scale and proportion, in which the figure of the woman compared to the enormous still life. Degas was influenced by the Impressionist during his time, and also he had formed some friendships. Most importantly Edgar Degas was highly influenced by the Japanese prints and photography. He also carried over the Japanese influence and used the symbolic flower of Japan, once known as The Land of Chrysanthemums in his paintings.Furthermore, Degas created many daring compositional innovations. His study of Japanese prints led him to experiment with unusual visual lines and corrupt compositions. His subjects would often seem cropped at the edges, or seemed to appear to be accidental cutoff views and off-centered subjects, as in Woman with Chrysanthemums. Moreover, Degass issue and meaning of the selection was the woman in the painting staring off into space , her cheek resting on her hand, lost in deep thought unaware of the dominating bouquet of Chrysanthemums.In conclusion, Edgar Degass painting of Woman with Chrysanthemums was chosen because of its unusual and unique composition. Also, the unusually unbalanced painting made curiosity prevail. The asymmetrical principle of design and accidental cutoff views were intriguing as to why Edgar Degas painted as he once did long ago. Personally liking Chrysanthemums and beautiful bouquets of flowers made the painting easy to make out for the essay. Edgar Degas truly was both a man and an artist of contradictions.

Energy Drinks as an Emerging Social Problem Essay

It seems homogeneous there is a new drink on the markets that I beginning to stir some alleged(prenominal) issues on health issues. It does not contain alcohol, just simply is packed with sugar and caffeine. Energy drinks argon in right now thanks to the media advertising and trying to sell their products. Debate has been stirred on whether anyone should be drinking these drinks, especially teenaged adults and children.The stimulants contained within might drinks can disrupt the hearts rhythm, conjure heart rates, cause hypertension, anxiety, headaches, interrupted sleep patterns and in some rare cases can lead to seizures. tout ensemble of the combined ingredients in faculty drinks and their effect are noneffervescent not fully researched and unknown of the consequences, but definitely it has been figured out that energy drinks are NOT good for the body. What is now just an issued because consort to doctors might later turn into laws where there has to be an age limit to be able to profane energy drinks.More than likely they wont become illegal, but there will be a restriction on them for the safety of the younger population in the United States. As mentioned primitively drinking energy drinks is started to become a problem because doctors played the role of claimsmakers. Right now they are trying to convince the general public that something is wrong and something needs to be done about it. To them, consume energy drinks is a troubling condition. Because of this discovery that energy drinks are bad for the body, the media began to cover this issue.It is not a big issue right now and cannot be described as a cordial problem because this emerging social problem has really only gotten to the media coverage stage. Time will still tell what the public reply is going to be. Right now it seems like there has been no reaction to this issue. There are still 3 stages this emerging social problem need to go with policy making, social problems work, and policy outcome. The claimsmakers have used typifying examples to try to show that energy drink using up really is a problem.Natural News. com mentions that a 15 year-old boy with ADHD went to the hospital and was suffering from a seizure after drinking two bottles of Mountain Dew and his pill, but energy drinks have 3 to 5 times the amount of caffeine that sodas do. The claims warrants here are simple something needs to be done to nourish the younger population from troubling and unhealthy choices. In conclusion, claimsmakers want restrictions on energy drinks to make it harder for young adults to consume thus a healthier America.Energy drink consumption seems to be the cigarette of their propagation for a lot of young people. Just how cigarettes ended up with laws being made for them, it is very practical that energy drinks will get some kind of restriction on them.This debate on energy drink consumption has begun to get heated and forecasting a big change in policies for ener gy drinks are very possible in the near future. http//www. devonbate. com/energy-drinks-that-big-of-a-deal/ http//www. foxnews. com/health/2011/02/15/energy-drinks-harming-kids/ http//www. naturalnews. com/032786_energy_drinks_side_effects. html.

Shakespeare and Robert Browning

symbolisement Shakespeare and cook both present the theme of rely through their central characters. Lady Macbeth (and Macbeth) is motivated by the impulse for ambition and authority in Macbeth whilst in the Browning soliloquys the monologists are driven by the desire of military unit and run across in Porphyrias Lover and punish in The laboratory. All of which depend to bind fatal conclusions as a result of each of their desires.As the texts were produced over 400years ago, audiences may deem constitute the works of Shakespeare and Browning highly thought-provoking and entertaining whilst contemporary audiences finding the different aspects of desire relatable to modern-day situations. Lady Macbeths need for authority in her famous soliloquy unsex me here reflects on the feelings of many women at that sequence longing for male monarch.Likewise, audiences of the the Laboratory are able to empathise with the protagonists desire for revenge upon their adulterous lover. I n Porphyrias Lover, Browning reveals an obsessive and controlling piece who can scarce satisfy his absolute love for his lover by strangling her, presenting his desire for control over others. Section 1 How do the writers introduce the central characters? LADY MACBETH Lady Macbeths inlet to the audience in Act 1, paroxysm 5 immediately strikes it clear of her intentions. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty. As this is a soliloquy, it invites the audience in to gather in her inner thoughts and feeling and her true desire for power. * Her do of lordly verbs, jazz and fill me not only notifies the audience of her desire for power, but the lengths she is testamenting go to win it. Lady Macbeths mention of the super natural turn ups how epic she is for her desire as she craves to posses characteristics of a man by calling upon the spirits and this possibly confirms the dark connect ion she has to the witches prophecy as she practises commanding language come followed by supernatural references spirits and only calls upon them. * She says come to me womans breast and take my milk for gall. Stating the physical differences of males and females not only launchs the limitations of her desire (she is a woman), but reflects on the position of women at the time because she is pleading to have all her female traits emoved to attain her desire. * Likewise, when she says that tend on virtuous thoughts unsex me here she is asking the spirits to de-feminise and undo her natural order her as she wants to be emotionless and not feel guilty as she recognises that her desire goes against the moral order thus emphasising her loaded feeling of desire and how remote she will go. It could also be argued that the particular that women had to act in certain ways in the 16th century, for instance being completely against vehemence of any sorts, may have spurred on madam Mac beth to rebel and achieve her desire. Also, the reference to direst cruelty make thick my blood further supports her portrayal to the audience as an evil and corrupted character. The use of the semi-colon emphasises the use of the word cruelty which is a trait seen to be masculine not feminine * This may have been shocking yet entertaining to the Elizabethan audiences as women at that time werent expected to act and think in such a way. * The fact that when we meet her when Macbeth is not present (or any iodin else) shows her desire for power as she is telling us what she wants THE LABORATORY Similarly, in Robert Brownings monologue of The laboratory the audience are made fully aware of the narrators intentions from the beginning. May gaze thro these faint smokes curling whitely. The personae describes deadly arsenic fumes as something beautiful which suggests to the reader that she is somewhere where chemical reactions take place- and so the title. * The fact that we are introdu ced to her in this setting brings a dark atmosphere similar to intro of lady Macbeth * This may portray signs of insanity which questionable through break the poem. Reference to the devils smithy further enhances her desire for revenge as she knows she is doing something bad by release to a devils smithy * Poison to poison her- reinforces the narrative to pull down and the original glimpse to who the revenge is on (her) and doesnt mention the name * It shows how deranged the protagonists nature has become, who goes so far as to poison her rival in love The use of rhyming quickens the pace of the poem, adding to the womans change magnitude turbulence as the apothecary grinds up the mixture.Many of Brownings poems were written about people with an unusual nature. At first glance, the poem appears to be written as if she were talk to the apothecary, but reading into it shows that she may be thought to herself as at the start of the poem she tells the man to take his time, but as she thinks about the possibilities and power the poison will bring her she begins to hurry him. Her careless attitude towards her future crime suggests that she may have previously killed and does not care about being found out as she is proud of what she will have done. PORPHYRIAS LOVER the rain set early tonight- tonight is a time indicator and possibly foreshadows something that will happen tonight * Use of pathetic fallacy- weather mirrors feeling matte up by the narrator * Irregular rhyme pattern- may show narrators instabilltiy * No stanzas reflective of the narrators mental produce/personality * When obsessed cant stop talking about something * Build up of tensity at the beginning to get to the climax COMPARRISON OF ALL * All start in a ominous gloomy way * Section 2 How do the writers show that desire motivates and drives these characters?LADY MACBETH * Act 1, Scene 7- When you durst do it then you were a man shows Lady Macbeths play on masculinity as she uses the eve rlasting(a) tense were highlighting the difference now and before which provokes Macbeth and in turn manipulates him to go through with the death penalty of Macbeth with will get allow her to attain her desire for power (again shows how far she is willing to go to achieve happiness) * * Strong imagery and emotive lang-passionate * Blank verse instead of prose * Shakespeare uses a metaphor and contrast to show that Lady Macbeth is remorseless.In Act I scene 7, when Macbeth wants to back out of killing Duncan, she tells Macbeth I have given suck, and know / How tender tis to love the babe that milks me / I would, while it was smiling in my face, / Have pluckd my tit from his boneless gums, / And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you. * First, Lady Macbeth uses feminine language, showing she knows what it means to be tender and nurturing with words standardised tender love and milk. But then, she shocks the audience by using violent language such as dashed the brains out.Th is is an upsetting image it makes the audience watch that Lady Macbeth would put a promise before the life of her own child. * Lady Macbeth seems to have no problem with violence of the cruelest kind violence against a child. What makes Lady Macbeth sound even more ruthless are words like as boneless and smiling because the baby sounds defenseless, yet Lady Macbeth wont show it mercy. * By having Lady Macbeth talk about committing infanticide, Shakespeare makes her a villain in the eye of the audience, because in the 1600s, women were seen as soft and nurturing.Behaving this way would be seen as unnatural and would have shocked Shakespeares audience. * This shows how her she is driven by desire because for Lady Macbeth (who portrays a strong personae) to talk about how she knows what Is like to be a woman and be nurturing, which doesnt happen very often in the play, as a way to control her husband into getting into power shows how driven she is and again how far shell go. THE LAB * Browning also presents the reader with a character who is completely ruthless when it comes to fulfilling her desires.Although Lady Macbeth desires power whereas the speaker in The Laboratory desires revenge, they share the same determination to get what they want regardless of the consequence. When talking to the chemist about her plans for revenge the speaker says and Elize, with her head, and her breast, and her hands should drop dead . Just like the video display of Lady Macbeth, Browning also paints a vivid image of death and murder. Worryingly for the reader, Browning strongly suggests the speakers enjoyment of the mentation of her rivals death.By repeating the word and it suggests that she is relishing the idea of revenge and also that she has thought about it just as much. Section 3 How do the writers show how desire affects relationships in the text? Section 4 How do the writers show the results/consequences of desire? LADY MACBETH * In the final stages of the play the result of Lady Macbeths desire for power becomes clear when she loses her mental stability and starts to re-live the murder she and her husband committed. Whilst in her room she utters the phrase * Out damned spot * Out I say * The use of the command here clearly shows the fact that Lady Macbeth a once effective and desire driven woman is becoming increasingly unstable. Shakespeares use of the repetition of the word out shows how desperate she has become, how she has lost control. The repeated use of the exclamation marks highlights the intensity of her need for her hands to be clean. The spot to which she is referring to is that of the blood of King Duncan, however in this instance the blood is a metaphorical manifestation of her guilt, and one that will never go away.Her need for power has destroyed her she can no longer escape the consequences of what she has done. In this dialogue Lady Macbeth also alludes to the fact that she herself has been damned, just like she may neve r get the spot of blood off of her skin she will never be able to clean her own soul, she will never be able to escape what she has done. Through the use of the word damn Shakespeare successfully suggests the idea of hell, one which was key in Lady Macbeths sign soliloquy.In this scene many may feel a sense of sympathy for Lady Macbeth, as she is going through a traumatic experience, and yet there is no sign of Macbeth, once again taken over by desire he has abandoned his wife in her time of need. However, this scene may be considered to be appropriate by Shakespearean audiences as Lady Macbeth losing her mental stability is seen as a result of her dealing with aspects of life that are deemed to be not feminine. Conclusion present your own ideas about the varying successes of the different writers, evaluating which of the treatments you prefer and why exemplar to follow * Whilst Shakespeare presents highly stimulate characters in the shape of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, both of wh om are driven to self-destruction by their strong feelings of desire, it is Brownings monologist in The Laboratory that conjures this desire most convincingly. Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste,/ ticktack at thy powder, I am not in haste Both the language and the form cause the reader to reluctantly empathise with the persona. We feel drawn into the conspiracy she has arranged with her apothecary, driven by the imperative commands she expresses through the use of alliteration, exclamations and commanding verbs. Moreover, the use of bilabial plosives paste pound owder attracts the reader, caught up in the excitement she feels as she anticipates the deadly outcomes of the concoction being created. Of course, she is in haste. What is interesting is that all three texts make desire tempting (even though we know that moral boundaries are being challenged and broken). Browning not only shows the corruption that strong feelings of desire can bring but also succeeds in corruptin g the reader as we stiff to her intentions